Value and grammatical features of the pronoun: features and rules

The morphology of the Russian language includes many interesting sections. This article is devoted to the consideration of the pronoun as part of speech. Grammatical features of the pronoun, their features, role in the sentence - all this is covered in the material.

Pronoun

In the morphological list of the Russian language an important place belongs to the pronoun. This is the part of speech that can replace any nominal part of speech, without naming specific signs of the word. The pronoun, meaning and grammatical features of which will be indicated below, only points to objects or phenomena, without giving them a direct name. For example, a noun can be replaced by a pronoun, a numeral twenty - in a word, an adjective blue - by a pronoun of some kind and so on.

Classification of pronouns by value

There are several classifications. So, on the basis of the meaning that the word carries, personal pronouns ( he, you, we ), possessive ( his, your, our ), pointers ( that, this, such ), identifying ( everyone, most, everyone ), interrogative- Relative ( which, whose, who ), indefinite ( somebody, some, some ), negative ( nothing, nothing, no ) and the return pronoun itself . The grammatical attributes of a pronoun are indicated on the basis of its meaning.

Personal, possessive, reflexive, indicative

The most common are personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. Grammatical signs of personal pronouns are the presence of a category of a person, the ability to change by case, the presence of a category of gender in 3 persons. For example: On fishing, he was in high spirits. In the sentence there is a personal pronoun (y) of him , which has such features as 3 persons (in the initial form - he), genitive case, masculine gender.

Grammatical signs of demonstrative pronouns (and possessive ones as well) are similar to those of the adjective: they also vary in case, number and gender. For example, This house is his dream. In the sentence there is a demonstrative pronoun this (singular, masculine gender, it) and possessive pronoun it (singular number, masculine gender, it). The return pronoun does not change, has a constant, traditional form - itself .

Definitive, indefinite, negative, interrogative-relative

Grammatical signs of pronouns are the following: number, gender and case, dependent on the noun. These parts of speech are like possessive pronouns, but point to a generalized sign. The sentence is matched with the noun. For example, Every day it became warmer. The pronoun is each consistent with the noun in number, gender, case.

Interrogative-relative pronouns are used in questions and complex sentences as a binder. At the same time, the same word can be an interrogative pronoun in one context and relative in another: What do they say about new gadgets? (Interrogative) - He was told that they talked about new gadgets (relative). Such pronouns do not change, only who and what have a category of case.

Indefinite pronouns indicate the uncertainty of something and are formed from interrogative by adding prefixes of not - and some - or suffixes - something , - that , - either . Thus, the grammatical attributes of a pronoun depend on its meaning. Negative forms of the parts of speech that we are considering are also formed from interrogative, but are used for negation. For example: Some unknown sound was heard. In the sentence two pronouns: some - indefinite and no one - negative.

Classification of pronouns by grammatical features

Replacing this or that part of speech, the pronoun corresponds with any of them. Therefore, pronouns-nouns, adjectives and numerals are singled out, which indirectly call an object, attribute or quantity.

Nouns are nouns that can replace the noun, namely: personal pronouns, interrogative who and what is formed from them are negative, returnable. They answer the questions of nouns. In the proposals most often are additions or subjects. Grammatical signs of a pronoun-noun are indicated on the basis of its attribution to one or another category by value. For example, personal categories have a face, number, case, and negative, returnable and indeterminate nouns-nouns are not ordinarily defined.

Adjective pronouns are those that answer the questions of adjectives and perform the syntactic role of the definition. This is a large group of such parts of speech, which include all possessive, some index ( such, this, that and others), some interrogative ( which, whose ) and formed from them are vague and negative. Grammatical signs of words from this category are similar to those of adjectives, that is, they have non-permanent categories of case, gender, number.

To the pronouns-numerals are the question word, as much as the indefinite word, as well as the indefinite pronouns formed from them. Of the grammatical features, only a change in cases is inherent in them.

Syntactic role of pronouns

By the criterion of assigning to a particular category by value, it is easier to determine the grammatical attributes of a pronoun. The parts of speech with which the pronoun is associated make it possible to easily identify its syntactic role. So, in the sentence " She wrote them another letter", there are three pronouns performing different functions: she (personal) is a subject, it is (a personal) an addition, another (a determinative) is a definition.

It is right to name the member of the sentence, expressed by a pronoun, help matters. For example, has not anyone lived in your house before ?. The question is asked who? - No one is a subject, in what house ? Your - definition. There are proposals that include only pronouns: These are they. This is the subject, they are the predicate. There are several of them : their - addition, several - the subject.

Morphological norms for the use of pronouns

Speaking about the grammatical norms of the use of pronouns in phrases or sentences, it is first of all necessary to note the most common mistake. These are the three possessive pronouns of it, them, it, which are often misused. For example, his , her, and theirs is a gross violation of the norm of the Russian language.

The use of pronouns he, she and she often requires the addition of the letter "n" at the beginning of the word: he is without him, she is near her, they are with them . This is necessary after the preposition. If there is no preposition, then the letter "n" in the word is not needed: they recognized him, asked her, saw them .

Pronoun and Context

Pronouns are performed in the sentences and texts of the substitution function. This involves some grammatical inaccuracies. For example, Father went to the city. He was far away. Was the father or city far away? The director came to the office, which is located on the fifth floor. Office or director on the fifth floor? Especially often ambiguity is observed when using the return pronoun and possessive pronoun: The head asked the manager to go to his office (whose office: the manager or manager).

Pronouns in examination work

In the examination work on the Russian language there are tasks where you need to know the grammatical attributes of a noun, a verb and an adjective. Pronouns are often included in tasks with violation of grammatical norms. The table below shows examples of similar tasks.

Often the pronoun performs in the text the role of the lexical means of communication between sentences. In the certification work there are tasks for determining the means of communication of sentences in the text. For example, it is necessary to determine what the proposals are related: Vasily went to the city every week for shopping. From it, he brought fruit, cereals and sweets. Answer: Two personal pronouns. Or another example: Today it began to rain. This was unexpected. These proposals are knitted with the help of the demonstrative pronoun.

Thus, the grammatical features of the pronoun, the morphological norms of their use, must be known for the successful passing of the exam in the Russian language.

Interesting information about the pronoun

The history of the formation of pronouns as parts of speech is interesting and special. For example, I am a personal pronoun of the first person singular. It came from the Old Slavonic language , which probably reflected the first letter of the alphabet - az. The third person pronouns in the language were formed later than all. This is due to the fact that earlier there were demonstrative pronouns and, I, e, that referred to a third party. And modern third person pronouns arose through the transition of words from one category to another: from index to personal. The history of the Russian language knows the period when there were three kinds of demonstrative pronouns. They were used depending on the remoteness of the subject from the speaker: c - close to the speaker, t - close to the interlocutor , he - absent from the conversation. The rank of the possessive pronouns is still being formed: there are simple possessive forms ( mine, mine ) in it, and interrogative ( whose? ), And indefinite ( someone's ), and negative ( nobody's ).