The vaccine is ... Types of vaccines. Vaccines for children

A vaccine is a biological preparation that helps immunity to resist various infectious diseases. Medical centers of immunology RF are advised to vaccinate children from an early age. The very first vaccination (from hepatitis) is carried out in the first 12 hours of the child's life, and then the vaccination takes place according to the schedule of the vaccination certificate, which every person has.

The following types of vaccines are distinguished:

• Alive;
• Inactivated;
• Anatoxins;
• Biosynthetic.

Live vaccines

The composition of such drugs include weakened microorganisms. This group includes vaccines against poliomyelitis, mumps, tuberculosis, measles and rubella. Disadvantages of live vaccines is a high chance of an allergic reaction, which can lead to serious complications and consequences.

Vaccines inactivated

They are divided into two subspecies. The first include those that include killed microorganisms, such as pertussis, hepatitis A or rabies vaccines. The disadvantage is that their action lasts no more than a year. The reason for this can be technological denaturation of antigens.

The second type is drugs that contain a component of the cell wall or other exciting parts of the body. These include pertussis vaccines or meningitis.

Anatoxins

In the composition of such drugs there is poison (inactivated toxin), produced by special bacteria. Vaccines from diphtheria or tetanus belong to this category. These vaccines can last up to five years.

Biosynthetic

These drugs are obtained using genetic engineering techniques. For example, this category includes hepatitis B vaccines.

It is worth noting that the production of vaccines is a fairly complex and time-consuming process, which requires a lot of effort and accurate calculations.

Differences in vaccines

Allocate the types of vaccines according to the number of antigens that are in their composition. There are monovaccines and polivakciny.

There are also differences in the species composition: bacterial, viral and rickettsial vaccines.

Recently, new vaccines have been created, which are gaining mass popularity. In addition, much effort is spent by scientific researchers and developers on the creation of synthetic, anti-idiotypic or recombinant drugs.

Fagi

Phages are viruses that penetrate into a bacterial cell and are reproduced there. As a consequence, the fever decreases the body temperature and lysis occurs.

Based on such phages, scientists have developed bacteriophages, which are used for phagoprophylaxis or phagotherapy. The advantage of phage therapy is the possibility of selective lysis of a large number of microbes.

Bacteriophages have a wide spectrum of action and cure the following diseases:

• Intestinal infections ;
• Dysbiosis;
• Pancreatitis;
• Purulent infections.

Importance of vaccination

Vaccination is the process of introducing a certain dose of antigenic materials into the human body. Sometimes people are injected with several vaccines that are compatible with each other. As a result, preparations have been developed that combine a mixture of several vaccines. A vivid example is the vaccination of DTP, which is given to children in the first months of life. It is able to create immunity to whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus at the same time.

Also there are vaccines that show their effectiveness immediately; Others should be re-done. This process is called revaccination (reintroduction of a certain dose of antigenic materials into the human body).

Calendars of vaccinations

For preventive vaccination, there are special vaccination calendars, which are available in vaccination certificates. Here all vaccinations and vaccine names are recorded. However, the certificate is not made vaccination, which is made before traveling to exotic countries or when planning pregnancy.

Operating principle

The principle of the vaccine is that after the introduction of the vaccine, the body recognizes its components, studies, memorizes, and then substances that destroy all the detected antigenic materials begin to be produced.

The goal of vaccination is the training of the immune system and its preparation for fighting a full-fledged infection in the midst of an epidemic.

The final stage of exposure to the vaccine is that after getting into the body of real viruses, immunity alone struggles with a possible disease and does not allow it to develop.

Method of administration

Instructions for the use of vaccines can vary considerably. The most common and often encountered method of vaccination is an intramuscular injection. Also inoculations are made subcutaneously and dermally. Some vaccines are administered through the mouth or nose.

Contraindications

Each vaccine has contraindications. The most common of these are:

• An allergic reaction with the introduction of a previous vaccine;
• Allergy to one of the components of the vaccine;
• High patient temperature;
• hypertension;
• tachycardia;
• Rheumatic diseases.

Vaccine "Nobivac"

As a rule, vaccinations are made not only by humans, but also by animals. For dogs and cats, the drug "Nobivac" is used. Such a vaccine is prevention in animals of plague, parainfluenza, parvovirus enteritis, panleukopenia, bordetellosis and other diseases.

The "Nivivac" vaccine has a number of characteristics that must be taken into account.

1. The age of the animal should be at least three months, and it should be great.
2. The pet should not have fleas, worms, ear mites.
3. Dosage of the drug does not depend on weight: one dose is calculated for one animal.
4. This vaccination is mandatory if you plan to travel by air or rail. Otherwise, a cat or dog will not be allowed to board an airplane or train.
5. Sometimes there may be consequences of vaccination. In this case, you need to prepare in advance for the unexpected development of events (for example, anaphylactic shock) and buy tablets "Suprastin". Also after vaccination, the first 40 minutes should be carried out in a veterinary hospital.

The need for vaccination

As already mentioned, the vaccine is a biologically active drug that helps immunity to resist a number of serious diseases. However, grafting is not an obligatory procedure, and everyone has the right to choose. Many parents are opponents of vaccination and do not vaccinate their children. In this case, an official medical officer is issued, specifying the reason for the refusal.

Most people do not get vaccinated because they are afraid of serious consequences that may arise. If you refuse to vaccinate, the risk of the disease rises many times. In this case, the course of the disease will have a number of complications, which in rare cases lead to even death. For example, the DPT vaccine protects children from diphtheria. The latter, in turn, leads to a fatal outcome in a matter of minutes.

To date, the arsenal of doctors have only proven vaccines, which are considered reliable and safe. However, each organism has its own individual characteristics, which can lead to the rejection of vaccination. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct preparatory procedures a few days before vaccination. They will significantly reduce the risk of rejection and side effects.

In addition, there are situations when the vaccine is contraindicated. Usually this applies to severe human diseases and severely weakened immunity.

Vaccines for children

For children, the most safe type of vaccination is inactivated vaccination.

In the first years of a baby's life, it is very important to record all the vaccinations done in a special calendar, since the vaccination data may be needed in different situations (visiting a kindergarten, a swimming pool).

The very first vaccination in the life of the child is vaccination against hepatitis B. Then the doctors choose the scheme for further vaccination:

1. If during pregnancy the risk of hepatitis B has been determined, subsequent vaccinations to the child will be done in 1 month, 2 months, 12 months, and the scheme will look 0-1-2-12, respectively.
2. If the child is not at risk and there were no abnormalities during pregnancy, the vaccine will be given at 1 and 6 months (scheme: 0-1-6).

On the third day of life, a vaccine is given from tuberculosis (most often in the hospital). Revaccination occurs at 7 and 14 years (depends on the desire of the parents and obvious needs). It is better known as the BCG vaccine, which should be affected by a negative Mantoux reaction. Inoculation is done in the upper third of the shoulder. Evidence of successful completion of vaccination will be a small scar in size from 0.3 to 0.5 cm. Before it appears, there will be redness, an abscess, which then turns into a crust and disappears.

The next is polio vaccine. It is done 3 times: at the age of 3, 4.5 and 6 months. Repeated administration of the drug should be carried out at the age of 12.5 years, as well as at 14 years. Most often, inoculation is done in the upper part of the thigh or buttocks. However, for small children there is polio vaccine as drops, which is taken orally 1 hour before meals, 4 drops each. At such introduction it is strictly forbidden to wash down the preparation with water.

Next is an inoculation against pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, the common name of which is DTP. Since its purpose is to combat three serious diseases at once, it contains a mixture of pertussis vaccine, concentrated diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. Do this inoculation at 3 months, then at 4.5 months and at the age of six months. The following vaccinations are in 2.5 years, 6 years, 7 and 14 years. After that, the frequency of vaccination is 10 years, but then the vaccine no longer contains a component of pertussis. After the introduction of the vaccine, there may be a three-day reaction in the form of temperature.

All the above vaccinations must be made to the child without fail. However, if the baby has had acute illnesses, then a medical worker is appointed.

It is important to understand that a vaccine is a drug that can protect a person from Disease and contribute to the stability of the immune system. Therefore, if a child or an adult does not have pronounced health problems, then vaccination should be carried out and protect themselves and loved ones from possible diseases with serious consequences.