The territory of advanced development. Law on territories of advanced development

The territories of advanced development, the list of which will be given below, have become one more attempt of the country's leadership to follow the Chinese way. It involves the formation of special areas, the so-called economic locomotives. Next, we will consider what the territories of advanced development in Russia are and what they are for.

Historical reference

In the early 90's the government proposed a list of territories for advanced development. However, as history shows, the developed programs have not been fully implemented. In 1991, a law was passed that regulates the flow of foreign investment into the domestic economy. Its provisions established certain benefits for some foreign entrepreneurs. In particular, a simplified registration procedure was envisaged, reduced rates of taxation, long-term rent at a low price, a visa-free regime and a reduction in customs duties. Since 1996, the country began to create SEZ. So, the first special zone was formed in the Kaliningrad region, the second - in Magadan. The program was developed for the latter until December 31, 2014. However, there is no success in its implementation. Also, a bill was passed on a special zone within the Baikal-Amur railway mainline. The fate of the program is also unknown.

Development at the initial stage

Of the created 17 special zones, only 6. The most problematic were the tourist areas. As pointed out by the general director of JSC "SEZ" Tretyakov, this was due to the wrong method chosen. In fact, nothing was discussed with the investor, he was not given the right to choose a place for the implementation of the program. In addition, port areas are not actively developing. Experts suggest that this may be due to the reluctance of the regions themselves to engage in their promotion.

A new turn

Despite the setbacks, the evolution of the special zones continued. Currently, some SEZs can expand to a regional level. Special zones are considered a sufficiently flexible instrument for attracting financial resources to the economy. During Medvedev's presidency, the Law was adopted, the provisions of which regulated the formation and functioning of territorial development zones. Thus, a new concept was introduced. ZTR is a part of the entity where favorable conditions for investor activities are formed. The purpose of these zones was to accelerate the socio-economic development of the region. The creation of favorable conditions meant providing investors with state support. However, it looked somewhat more modest in programs than was envisaged in the 1991 draft. Management of such zones was to be carried out by a specially formed administration. Currently ZTR is established in 20 regions.

The fourth attempt

At one of his speeches before the Federal Assembly, President Putin proposed the creation of territories for advanced development. The list of already existing regions was supplemented by a number of other localities. At the same time, the President singled out priority areas. In particular, special attention, according to him, was deserved by the territory of advanced development far from the center - the Far East. Among the areas requiring investment, the president also named Siberia, in particular, Khakassia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The head of state was also offered the conditions, due to which the territory of advanced development will be attractive for investors. In particular, it was a five-year tax holiday, a reduced rate of insurance contributions, a simplified procedure for passing customs, connecting to the electricity grid, obtaining construction permits. In addition, a clear program should be developed, according to which the territory of advanced development will operate. The Far East requires the construction of an accompanying infrastructure. This task will be implemented at the expense of the relevant Fund.

What is the difference between SEZ and TOP?

The territory of advanced development, in accordance with regulatory acts, has a slightly different status than the special zone. It is not allowed to create such areas on the same terrain. As such differences, the territory of advanced development from the SEZ does not. The only, perhaps, difference is the duration of the operation. So, for 20 years there should be a special zone, 12 years - the territory of advanced development.

Bill: general information

Its action is aimed at establishing a legal regime for the regions in question. Normally, measures to support enterprises-investors are defined. In addition, the Federal Law "On the territories of advanced development" regulates all other relations that relate to these areas.

Established definition

The territory of advanced development is the region of the Far Eastern Federal District, where special legal regimes for carrying out entrepreneurial and other activities are established. Formation of this zone is carried out at the expense of the federal and local budgets, as well as other sources. The normative act establishes a special procedure for the formation of a territory for advanced development. Primorsky Territory takes on a special status. In accordance with it, the legal status of residents and the specificity of their commercial and other activities are determined.

Legal regime

The law on territories of advanced development establishes:

• Preferential rates for rent.
• Special order of land use.
• Benefits for taxes and insurance payments.
• A special procedure for conducting state control, municipal supervision.
• Privileged connection to various infrastructure facilities.
• Provision of special public services.
• Use of free customs territory.
• The possibility of attracting in a preferential and expedited procedure foreign qualified personnel.
• Use of sanitary and technical regulations following the example of the most developed OECD countries.

Administrative apparatus

The law on territories for advanced development establishes specific powers for state authorities. Special units of executive and other bodies (the Federal Tax Service, the Ministry for Emergency Situations, the Interior Ministry and so on) should operate within the regions. Due to the establishment of a special order, the general level of administration of the region will be increased, following the example of similar zones in foreign countries.

Privileges

Since 2014, a special tax regime has been introduced in the Irkutsk Region, Transbaikalia, the Far East and Buryatia. It was planned to reduce personal income tax to 7%, income tax - to ten. In this case, during the first five years it was supposed to make the last zero. However, in this case, experts noted some contradiction. In particular, Medvedev pointed to a special tax regime, which was supposed to be aimed at stimulating non-primary exports. A number of government measures, in turn, affected the tax on mining of ferrous and non-ferrous metal, coal and gold. At the moment, there is no single direction. This creates certain opportunities for the activities of "groups of influence."

Transfer of Enterprises

After Medvedev announced the strengthening of the powers of Minskostokzvitiya, this agency, taking advantage of the opportunity, offered to transfer to the state all the shares of the Foundation for the Development of the Baikal and Far Eastern Regions. In fact, it acts as a subsidiary of Vnesheconombank. Thus, the transfer of shares would mean only the redistribution of resources. Together with this, the Ministry put forward a proposal on the formation of additional institutions. In particular, it was about OAO Far East, an autonomous non-profit organization of the Agency for Export Support and Investment in the Far Eastern Federal District, as well as the ANO Agency for the Development of Human Resources. As a result, together with the anticipated closure of the special economic zones in the Magadan Region and Sovgavan in the Khabarovsk Territory, it can be noted that the Economic Development Ministry has been ousted from the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District. The available resources, therefore, will be concentrated in the hands of Minvostokrazvitiya.

Volume of investments and employment

The development of the Far Eastern region requires about 3.3 billion rubles. This figure is set for the period until 2020. Of this, about 170 billion rubles. It was planned to allocate for 2014. Experts noted the beginning of the struggle for allocated funds in the federal center. The government itself prefers Minvostokrazvitiyu to this day. However, some large state-owned companies probably do not want this. One of the planned measures is the employment of personnel of single-industry enterprises. In particular, we mean AvtoVAZ employees. In addition, a delay is introduced from the army for residents of the Far Eastern Federal District and citizens who moved there.

conclusions

Theoretically, as the experts note, in the implementation of all or at least most of the proposed measures, the Far Eastern region can turn into a fundamentally different territory with a special administrative and tax status. Some experts even say that the FEFD can become an analogue of Hong Kong. However, if this is implemented in practice, it is not yet clear. At the moment, there are not even any preconditions for anything reminiscent of the concept of "one state - two systems". Skeptics believe that the territory of advanced development may remain in the plans, like national projects, doubling GDP and other unrealized programs.

Opinions and suggestions

As M. Abyzov noted , the government of the state intends to compete even with newly formed territories of advanced development in Korea, Japan, China. At one of the meetings of the Ministry, a new concept was presented on the organization of extrabudgetary funds to the Trans-Baikal Region and the Far Eastern Federal District. The meeting was also made by scientists. They proposed to improve the development of geological exploration, form terminals and so on. One of the proposals of the researchers was perceived as almost revolutionary. In particular, the scientists spoke about the creation of development funds for the Far Eastern region and Siberia, in which 20-25% of the entire export earnings of extracted raw materials would be concentrated without its transfer to the "center." This idea was voiced by Vladislav Inozemtsev. Later it was put forward at the governmental meeting by Igor Slyunyaev (Minister for Regional Development). The experts were absolutely justified to note that for the successful implementation of the tasks set, strategic conceptual documents should be adopted. Serdy of other proposals of the Ministry for Regional Development sounded the idea of improving the transport network, which should have been allocated 300 billion rubles. In addition, the attention of government figures was drawn to the Magadan region. So, it was suggested to build an ice-free port on its territory (in Providence Bay or in Magadan itself). At the same time, the Ministry of Transport began to prepare the necessary amendments to the provisions of the Tax Code. They should provide for compensation of the costs of the port operators, which will take place in the case of the construction of port checkpoints, greatly speeding the handling of goods.

Finally

Despite previous setbacks, today the government declares a clear intention to bring it to completion. The law on new territories still requires improvements. However, it already defines the main aspects related to the formation and subsequent functioning of these areas. Of no small importance is the activity of the administrative apparatus directly in the FEFD itself. It should be aimed at promoting and supporting government measures. With the joint work of all interested departments and ministries, entrepreneurs and citizens, it is more likely to succeed in a shorter time. The main task today, along with attracting investments, is to provide the population with work. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to create optimal working conditions at new and existing enterprises. It may be necessary to establish additional state guarantees for the population.