The problem with the decision on the economy. Formulas for economics for solving problems

Today, we will learn to solve different problems in economics from different sectors. The material will be useful to those who have just started to study the economy (and even those who are just interested in it), and people who already know how to solve problems and do it well. After all, there is not much training, and repetition is the mother of learning. But before we show how this or that task of economics is being solved, we'll tell you how it all began.

History

There is a whole science called "History of the Economy". She studies how the economic relations between people changed over time and how this science has become as we see it now. If you think about it, it becomes obvious that economic science has been around us since ancient times. For example, even in primitive society there was a so-called "natural exchange" - that is, people changed their things to others without using money. Gradually appears a monetary equivalent, the role of which performs gold. Until now, the reserves of many countries are estimated in gold equivalent. At first gold and other precious metals were given the form of ingots, but then coins were minted in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. For a long time coins were divided into gold, silver and bronze. In the end, we came to the currency that we see now.

Types of tasks

Now we will sort out the types, and then examples and solving problems in the economy, with answers to which you can see at the end of the article. First, we'll figure out what kinds of tasks there are. They are distinguished by branches, each with its own formulas for calculation. Distinguish the economy of the enterprise, the labor economy, economic statistics, macro- and microeconomics. Let's talk a little about all these industries.

To begin with, we will analyze such an industry as the organization's economy. Tasks with solutions you can find below.

Enterprise economy

This section is closely related to macro- and microeconomics. The enterprise's economy studies its structure, the features of the production cycle, the formation of fixed assets and circulating assets, develops a production strategy and, on the whole, organizes the management of the organization. The main goal of this sphere is to achieve maximum profit with minimum expenses, as well as optimization of production activities. The enterprise's economy also studies the company's activity and its position on the market, analyzes the ways of increasing and stabilizing profits. This should be remembered when solving problems on this topic.

In fact, there is nothing difficult in understanding how the organization's economy works. Tasks with solutions, by the way, you can find a little lower.

Labor Economics

We can say that this sphere is a subsection of the previous one, but this is not quite so. The labor economy analyzes the labor market, studies the interaction of employees and recruitment. This, too, is undoubtedly an important part of science, which must be studied. The labor economy plays a key role in the management of the enterprise. After all, without employees there can be no production of goods.

Economic statistics

This section deals with the study of statistical data of economic processes. In the theoretical part, statistics relies on economic theory and analyzes processes in any field with the help of its laws. It is closely connected with economic analysis and socio-demographic statistics.

Macroeconomics

The subject of the study of macroeconomics are major economic problems and events. It was created to analyze and identify patterns in such indicators as the total national income, the level of prices and employment. In fact, it combines smaller processes and considers them in general. Therefore, in some subsections, a macroeconomic approach can be applied to solve problems.

Microeconomics

Microeconomic analysis can be considered as a tool that allows you to explain how management decisions are made at a lower level. If macroeconomics considers solutions at the highest level, say, at the state level, then microeconomics allows for analysis at the level of a particular enterprise.

Formulas for economics

To solve problems we need some theoretical knowledge and formulas. We can divide them by industry, and start with the economy of the enterprise. Let's start with the profitability index. It shows how the profits of the enterprise and the average annual cost of fixed assets relate to each other. Mathematically, this can be expressed as follows: R = Π / Ссг. We get the answer in fractions of one, and if we want to get a percentage of profitability, we must multiply the resulting value by 100%. Also consider such indicators as the return on assets (Fotd), the Fund capacity (Femk), and Fondovooruzhdenost (Fvoor). Their calculation is also not difficult: Fotd = N / Ccg, where N - the volume of products sold; Femk = 1 / Fotd; Fvor = Ccg / Chrab, where "Chrab" is the number of workers (average).

In many formulas, Ccg invariably appears - the average annual value of circulating assets. How to calculate it? There is a very simple formula: Cc2 = Cn + Cs2 * Fm / 12 - C * (12-M) / 12. We will analyze what each specific value means. "Cn" is the initial cost of working capital, "Sv" - the cost of funds introduced, "FM" - the number of months of operation of the fixed assets introduced during the year, "C" - the liquidation value. You can also use the simplified formula without taking into account the month of input of fixed assets: Ccr = (Cr-Cg) / 2. Here, Sng is not the Commonwealth of Independent States, but the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, and cg is at the end of the year, respectively.

We also need calculating the annual amount of depreciation. It is calculated by the formula: A = С _first * Н _Amort / 100. The depreciation _rate can also be calculated according to two formulas: H _amort = (Pst-Lst): (Ап · Пст), where Пст - initial cost of fixed assets, Лст - liquidation value, Ап - depreciation period. Another formula is calculated using the service life of the fixed _asset object: H _amort = (1 / T) * 100%.

Still we will consider the formulas which will be useful to us for the decision of problems on economy of work. The formula for determining the number of able-bodied population at the end of a certain period (let's take, for example, a year) looks like this: _End Ч _{начало beginning} + ₁ 1-2 2-3 ₃ . Here, the _beginning is the number of workers at the beginning of the year; H ₁ - number of people who have entered into working age; Ч ₂ - the number of people who died during the period; Ч ₃ - number of the population who left the working age. There is also a formula for the annual output of an employee: In the _year. = In _hour. * T * T * U. , Where B _hour. - employee development per hour (monetary unit / person-hour); T - duration of the working day (in hours); T - number of days in the working year; U _vrab. - the proportion of workers in the total number of employees.

Examples of tasks

Consider the problems of the economy of the enterprise with solutions. So, task number 1: Determine the average annual value of fixed assets using the provided data. Data for the solution:

Cost at the beginning of the year: 15 000 thousand rubles.

The cost of introduced OS: March - 200 thousand rubles.

June - 150 thousand rubles.

August - 250 thousand rubles.

The cost of outgoing OS: February - 100 thousand rubles.

October - 300 thousand rubles.

Solution: formulas for the economy for solving problems here were useful to us. Calculate Cc: (C _ng- C _kg ) / 2. With _ng = 15 000 thousand rubles; С _{к г} = 15 000 + 200 + 150 + 250 - 100 - 300 = 15 200 thousand rubles.

Then Cc = (15,000 + 15,200) / 2 = 15,100 thousand rubles. However, we did not get a very accurate result, since the OS I / O was uneven throughout the year. Let's try to calculate Cc according to the first formula: Ccr = Cn + Cv * Fm / 12 - C * (12-M) / 12 = 15 000 + (200 * 9/12 + 150 * 6/12 + 250 * 4/12) - (100 * 10/12 + 300 * 2/12) = 15 175 thousand rubles.

Let's move on to another task. Below is the problem with a solution for the economy of the enterprise, and it is devoted to the calculation of depreciation.
Task number 2:

The initial value of some objects as of January 1 was 160 thousand rubles, and the actual operation time was 3 years.

It is required to calculate the residual value and the depreciation coefficient for the same date, provided that the depreciation is accrued in a linear manner. The service life of fixed assets is considered equal to 10 years.

Decision:

The depreciation coefficient is the amount of depreciation for all time (ie 3 years). So, we calculate the depreciation in a linear way: A = C _first * N _Amort / 100. We find the depreciation rate: Н _аморт = (1 / Т) * 100% = (1/10) * 100% = 10%. Then A = 160 * 10/100 = 16 thousand rubles. Since we consider the amount of depreciation for each year to be the same, then the wear factor for three years is: I = 3 * 16 = 48 thousand rubles.

Labor Economics: Problems with Solutions

Let's move on to another section. We have already considered the tasks for the economy of the enterprise, with the solutions of which you could familiarize yourself with above. And now it's time for labor. And the first task with the decision on the economy, which we will analyze, will concern the number of the able-bodied population.

Task number 1:

Calculate the number of working-age population at the end of the year, if there are data for the current year:

• The number of the working-age population at the beginning of the year is 60 million;
• The number of people killed in working age is 0.25 million;
• The number of young people who reached the working age this year is 2.5 million;
• The number of persons who retired in the current year is 1.5 million.

Decision. So, apply the formula that we described above - the _{end of} = _{начало the beginning} + _{1 1} - _{2 2} - _{3 3} = 60 + 2,5 - 0,25 - 1,5 = 60,75 million people.

In general, this is the whole problem with the decision on the labor economy. Now let's look at the problem with the annual output.

Task number 2: Determine the annual output of the employee.

Above we discussed the formula for solving this problem. Now it's time to apply it: In the _year. = In _hour. * T * T * U.

We will find all the quantities in order. The output of a worker per hour is equal to the ratio of the output of gross output to the number of man-hours spent, i.e. In _hour. = 3800 / 908.6 = 4.2. To find out the average time of a working day, we need to divide the number of worked man-hours by the number of man-days. Then t = 908.6 / 117 = 7.8 hours. Now it remains to find the coefficient T, which means the duration of the working year and is calculated as the ratio of worked-out thousand person-days to the number of workers. To find out the number of "laborers", we need to multiply their share in the total number of staff. After this, it is not difficult to write down the formula: T = 117 * 1000 / (580 * 0.824) = 244.8 days.

Now we just need to substitute all the values into the formula. _Get : In the _year. = 4.2 * 7.8 * 244.8 * 0.824 = 6608.2 den. un. / Person.

What else?

Many will wonder: is this all the diversity of economic problems? So that's boring? Not really. Simply in most cases, the difficulties are caused precisely by these sections of economic science: the production economy, the solution of problems by which we have considered in the beginning, and also the labor economy. There are a lot of other industries, however there are not such complicated formulas as such, and very often one can even logically apply one or another mathematical law. However, it will be useful for everyone to read the problems of the economy with a solution. For students, this is especially important, since the opportunity to look at the solution makes it much easier to understand the problem and better communicates its essence to the person.

What else can you read or decide at your leisure for a better understanding of the topic? We recommend to solve problems from the collection of Revenko N. F. on the economy of the enterprise. And also it would be nice to read more specialized books on any specific topic.

Conclusion

Economics is a very ancient and important science, and for many centuries it has been keeping pace with mathematics. Its laws allowed foreseeing crises, changing the situation in the country and the like. If a person has economic knowledge, he is unlikely to disappear during a crisis or a local financial disaster. If you improve your knowledge, they will certainly benefit in life and help in improving financial well-being. Of course, we have considered only examples of solving problems in the economy, and this does not mean that the real tasks will look like this. In life, everything, as a rule, is more complicated and confusing. Therefore, if you want to always be on top, then the task with a solution for the economy will not help you so much. It is much more important to show sharpness.