The pioneer is ... Pioneers of the USSR

Do you know the meaning of the word "pioneer"? How did it come about? Who is it called? These and other questions will be answered in the article. Pioneers are called pioneers, pioneers. And they also called it a military post or private in the engineering troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries and in some modern countries (for example, the Federal Republic of Germany).

When pronouncing the word "pioneer", a person can have in mind either a sapper from the Armed Forces of German states, or a soldier engaged in the erection of earth fortifications, setting bridges, digging ditches, the equation of roads and so on. And so they call the participants of the pioneer movement - the communist children's formations in the USSR and other socialist states, created according to the standards of scouting.

Value

According to Efremova, a pioneer is someone who first made his way to a new, unexplored terrain or country and began to master it. This is the name of the one who laid the foundations for something new in the field of culture, science or any other field of activity. Efremova also believes that the pioneers are both members of the communist children's formation, as well as soldiers of the engineers' sapper units. Ozhegov and Ushakov represent the same meanings of this word. And in the dictionary of Dahl it is stated that previously there were also horse pioneers.

Origin

So what does "pioneer" mean? This word the Russian-speaking population borrowed from the French language in the beginning of the XVIII century and began to use it in the meaning of "soldier-infantryman". Over time, this interpretation has gone down in history, and the word "pioneer" began to be called pioneers - people who are paving the way.

When the October Revolution of 1917 ended, pioneer children's groups began to be created in Russia, whose participants wanted to be the first in everything. They wanted to build their social activities "a path to a radiant tomorrow."

The first units

Pioneers ... Who are they? The names of the All-Russian Pioneers are May 19, 1922. It was on this day at the 2 nd All-Russian Congress of the Komsomol that it was decided to create pioneer detachments throughout the country. The famous organization since 1924 bears the name of Lenin. In 1925 in the state the newspaper "Pionerskaya Pravda", which was often affectionately called "Pioneer", was published.

The first detachments of red-shirts worked under the Komsomol formations in factories and factories, in institutions, participated in subbotniks, helped to eliminate illiteracy, and to combat child abandonment. Since the 1920's. These organizations began to be established in educational institutions. Each school had a pioneer squad, and in the classroom there was a detachment. Almost every child could become a pioneer 9-10 years. At the dedication ceremony, the children took an oath, pledged to "live, fight and learn, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as taught by the Communist Party."

The pioneer is a symbol of the Soviet era. He wore a red tie (as a sign of the revolutionary red banner), an icon with the motto "Always ready!" And images of a fire flame, the profile of Lenin and a five-pointed star. A large place in the activity of the red-necked children was occupied by military-military work: mugs of orderlies, young shooters, signalmen were founded, sports and army games were held.

Motion

Do you know that a pioneer is an example for all? During the Second World War in the Soviet Union, the Timur mass movement appeared, named for the hero of the story "Timur and his team", written by AP Gaidar. Pioneers, as well as the characters of the work, helped the disabled, the families of veterans, the elderly. In the postwar period, the Timurites were patronizing the old Bolsheviks, collecting waste paper and scrap metal in the winter, healing herbs in the summer, helping veterans of the war, and working at harvesting.

In the country there was a system of Palaces (houses) of pioneers with various kinds of circles (technical, sports, art) and pioneer camps, where children spent the summer vacationing. Mandatory attributes of the life of the last institutions were bonfires and songs, evening and morning ranks (the construction of all units), raising and lowering the flag, gathering red-shirts (meetings dedicated to different patriotic themes). The best were the pioneer camps "Eaglet" and "Artek", which were located on the shores of the Black Sea. Pioneer age was completed at the age of 14, and many children joined the Komsomol.

Disappearance

So, we have already found out that a pioneer is a reliable comrade. Unfortunately, after the collapse of the USSR, the amazing organization almost completed its work. In present-day Russia there are pioneer detachments, but they are few in number and among children are not very popular. In the 1990's. Some public groups tried to replace the disappeared movement with the organization of scouts that operated in pre-revolutionary Russia, but this also did not bring any results.

Publicism

Today, many people ask what a pioneer is. The definition of this word is forgotten by many. Nevertheless, many songs and books were written about the Red-shirts of the USSR, films were made, most of which did not have any artistic value. It should be noted that the audience really liked the comedy about the pioneer camp "Welcome, or Stranger's Entry is forbidden!".

In this speech, especially the elderly, sometimes you can hear the phrase "as a pioneer (pioneer)", that is, "perform something disciplined, obediently." And the expression "Always ready!" Means consent and a willingness to do anything. In Soviet journalism, the red-necked gangsters were called young Leninists (adherents of VI Lenin).

Tie

Through the children's formation new personnel for the Soviet country were forged. Some parents were forbidden from becoming pioneers, but they still joined the organization. They had to hide ties from their mothers and dads. In the USSR, almost all children were pioneers. At first, the kid entered the school, and he was received in October, after which he proudly wore an asterisk with a portrait of a curly, fair-haired boy.

When the child was 9 years old, his candidacy was claimed at the gathering of the detachment, and then consecrated to the pioneers. And, finally, at the end of his studies, as the "final stage in the formation of the student's personality," he was given a Komsomol badge.

Each pioneer was required to wear a pioneer tie. It could be made from any fabric, but must have been red. Schoolchildren knew how to tie it with a special knot. If a child came to school with a rumpled, hastily tied tie or without it, it was considered a disgrace. The pioneer always had to be neat, tidy and with honor to wear the symbols of his organization.

What do the three ends of a tie denote? They point to the indissoluble unity of three generations: communists, pioneers and Komsomol members. In some countries, the movement in red kerchiefs exists without any major changes (Moldova, Venezuela, the DPRK, the PRC, Cuba, Vietnam).

Heroes

Soviet pioneers who performed feats during the years of the formation of Soviet power, the Second World War, are called heroes.

Their images were actively used in the USSR as examples of high morality and morality. In 1954, the official list of heroes-pioneers was created, and the Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer named after VI Lenin was compiled, to which the Books of Honor of the local formations of the Red Guards were attached.

War time

What famous pioneer heroes of the Great Patriotic War? Already in the first days of the battle for the Brest Fortress, the 14-year-old Klypa Petya, a pupil of a musical platoon, was distinguished. Many pioneers fought fascists in partisan detachments, where they were scouts and saboteurs, and also conducted clandestine activities.

Of the young guerrillas are very famous Dubinin Volodya, Kazey Marat, Golikov Lyonya, Zhora Antonenko, Kotik Valya. All of them died in fights, except for Volodya Dubinin, who exploded on a mine. Each of them, except for the overgrown Golikov Löhni, by the time of death, was 13-14 years old.

Very often schoolchildren fought in the army units (the so-called "daughters and sons of the regiments" - Kataev's novel "The Son of the Regiment" is known).

The pioneers of the Great Patriotic War showed their best qualities in battles. Thus, the 15-year-old Chekmak Vilor saved the partisan detachment of Sevastopol at the cost of his own life. The boy had a sick heart, he was young, but in 1941, in August, he went into the woods with partisans. He was in patrol on November 10, so he saw the approaching punitive detachment first. Vilor rocket launcher warned the partisans of the threat and one took the fight with the Nazis. When he ran out of ammunition, he waited for the enemies to come closer to him, and blew himself up with the Nazis with a grenade. Vilor was buried in the cemetery of veterans of the Great Patriotic War in the village of Dergachi, near Sevastopol.

What else did the great pioneers do? They were military men on warships, they worked in factories in the Soviet rear, replacing the adults who went to the front, took part in civil defense.

At the Obol station (Vitebsk region), the Komsomol underground organization "Young Avengers" was established. In it, the pioneer Portnov Zina, who joined the ranks of the Komsomol underground, executed by fascists and awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

For military services, tens of thousands of young fighters were awarded:

• The Order of the Red Banner was awarded to: Julius Kantemirov, Vladimir Dubinin, Andrei Makarikhin, Kostya Kravchuk, Kamanin Arkady ;
• The Order of Lenin - Vitya Korobkov, Tolya Shumov, Volozhay Kaznacheyev, Lyonya Golikov, Chekalin Alexander;
• Order of the Red Star - Samorukha Volodya, Efremov Shura, Andrianov Vanya, Ankinovich Lyonya, Kovalenko Vitya, Kamanin Arkady (twice);
• Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree - Volkov Valery, Klyp Petya, Kovalev Sasha.

Hundreds of pioneers were awarded the "Partisan of the Great Patriotic War" medal, over 15,000 medals "For the Defense of Leningrad", over 20,000 medals "For the Defense of Moscow".

The titles of the Hero of the Soviet Union were awarded to five pioneers: Golikov Lyonya, Kotik Valya, Kazey Marat, Portnova Zina, Chekalin Alexander. Many young participants in the fighting died on the brigand field or were executed by the Germans. Many names of children were included in the "Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneer of Lenin" and elevated to the rank of "pioneer heroes".