The national craft of Central Russia. Russian folk crafts

Russian people have long since adorned their homes with various handicrafts and self-made things. Masters made their products more often than just for beauty, all things had their practical purpose. Of natural materials - wood, clay and stone - did real works of art. Skills, manufacturing techniques and secret techniques were inherited. From this article you will find out which national craft of Central Russia was most popular.

How did the national craft?

Various crafts began to appear in the 15-16th centuries. It is this period that is associated with the birth of folk craft. Somewhat later, in the 17th century, masters began to create handmade items specially for sale. Entire villages and settlements worked on the production of handicrafts.

Why did the national craft of Central Russia begin to develop? The reason is banal - cold and hunger. In times of a long cold winter, people needed to feed their families with something. Poor soils did not bring a sufficient amount of harvest, life was not enough, so the masters sold their products and the proceeds were there. Of course, Russian folk crafts appeared where there was a sufficient amount of natural raw materials. Wooden crafts were made in forest areas, where stony soils prevailed, stone products were widely used, etc. As is known, demand generates supply, and people's craft developed where it was needed.

Folk arts began to appear later - in the middle of the 19th century. In those days there was a famous embroidery with gold thread, painting and metal processing. A huge influence on the emergence of this craft was provided by the church, namely the local schools of icon painting. They carried out orders for embroidery for monasteries and churches.

The national craft of Central Russia

Russian craft is famous not only in our country, the national craft has gained worldwide fame. The list of handmade products can be very long, we will tell about the main of them:

• Gzhel.
• Dymkovo toy.
• Khokhloma.
• Palekh.
• Rostov enamel.
• Vologda lace and others.

Dymkovo toy

Many centuries ago on the bank of the Vyatka River a city was formed, in which settlement settlement was organized. Every morning the local stoves were heated, and because of the constantly rising smoke, the settlement was nicknamed Dymkovskaya Sloboda.

There were masters of pottery. From the clay, they made dishes and pipes, which were then heated in the oven. The whistles were performed mainly in the form of beasts. But this was done not only for children's entertainment. The Vyatka people greeted the sun-god with a whistle - Yarilo. The Dymkovo toy is the most famous folk craft of Central Russia. Everyone knows what she looks like. It is a clay Russian woman in a long skirt-bell with a bright apron and black eyebrows. The dress of the beauty is painted with various patterns. The main rule - it should be bright and colorful.

Gzhel

Folk arts are difficult to imagine without gzheli. Previously, this name bore the village, located 50 kilometers from Moscow. There lived masters, who began to create highly artistic products from porcelain. They painted with cobalt. Later appeared semi-pottery. Masters have collected hundreds of different images, now many samples are stored in the Hermitage. Gzhel people have long been transporting surplus ware to the markets of Moscow, often craftsmen painted dishes to order. Today it is very difficult to imagine the national craft without Gzhel products.

Palekh

The development of folk crafts takes its history from the 13th and 14th centuries. At this time, and formed a modern center of Russian culture - the village of Palekh. Then it belonged to Prince Paletsky, later Ivan Buturlin became its owner. A large number of workshops on icon painting were created in the village. In the 20 th century in the village of the master were engaged in painting brooches, snuff-boxes, cigarette cases, notebooks and bubbly. Famous Palekh caskets and Easter eggs are known to many. A little later the Palekh miniature with the use of black lacquer and papier-mache began to emerge in the village.

Khokhloma

Khokhloma fishing appeared in Russia in the Volga forest on the Uzol river. There were formed villages - Semino, Cartilage, Novopokrovskoye and Kuligino. It was there that Khokhloma was born. Unfortunately, the national crafts of the region have not been fully preserved until our times. We know the works of masters of only the 19th century, although it is proved that this craft was also practiced in the 17th century.

Khokhloma differs from the others in the special technology of painting. A distinctive feature - the application of black paint and cinnabar on the golden background. To gild the dishes, the masters rubbed it with powder from tin, then they applied a layer of oil of drying oil and put in the oven. Because of the high temperature, the drying oil became yellow, and the tin seemed golden. Masters applied patterns and ornament with a brush by hand. Expensive services were drawn especially carefully. Today Khokhloma dishes can be seen at various international exhibitions and fairs.

Shawls of Pavlovsky Posad

Pavlovsky Posad is known to many because of the appearance there of patterned scarves and shawls. For the first time such an elegant wardrobe was made on the river Klyazma in the city of Pavlov. Hence the name.

At local fairs, which were often arranged in the central squares, patterned shawls dispersed to cheers. There you could buy colored scarves with various patterns - field flowers, roses, bouquets and leaves. Shawls are often called stuffed. This word began to call shawls because of the way the pattern is applied to the fabric - heel. The master laid the cloth on the board and beat it off so that the paint would print better. The technology of manual heel is owned by not every master. Modern handkerchiefs are made with the help of special printing machines.

Rostov enamel

The centers of folk crafts in Central Russia include well-known cities and villages, Rostov is one of them. In the 18th century, such a craft was born as enamel. It is painting on enameled metal with special paints. In ancient times, masters painted icons. The priests wore clothes with enamels from enamels. Church utensils and covers of hand-written books were also painted with special refractory paints. A feature of this application technology is that before firing the color of the patterns is always the same. Thanks to the heat of the oven, the products begin to play with bright colors.

Zhostovo

Painted trays from Zhostovo are familiar to many. This village is not far from the capital, it was there that local artists created such a work of art as the Zhostovo tray. Masters painted field and garden flowers on a black background, troika horses, still lifes, etc. The first tray was made of papier-mache.

Also, painters from Zhostovo painted paintings of boxes, snuff boxes and caskets. In the middle of the 19th century, metal trays began to be manufactured, and papier-mache products fell into the background. The most famous work of art in Zhostov is an oval tray, painted around the perimeter. Each workshop puts on its product a brand on which it is possible to define the master who produced this beauty.

Modern crafts of Russia

Modern folk crafts are actively developing. Today, at exhibitions and fairs, you can see a wide variety of products, handicrafts and paintings. The directions of modern art are very different, here you can include:

• Visualization with the help of light bulbs;
• Electronic compositions;
• Photo;
• Flash mobs;
• Sculpture and installation, etc.

Modern folk craft is difficult to call single, talented craftsmen are engaged in the fact that they are good at it. If a few centuries ago you could only draw or sculpt from clay, now there are more opportunities to prove yourself. But, despite this, the basics of painting and painting are studied precisely on the products of an ancient and original Russia. Traditions of Russian masters in many cities still live.

In conclusion, I would like to list the remaining directions of folk art, about which this article was not told:

• City painting ;
• Fedoksinsky miniature;
• Orenburg downy shawls;
• Vologda and Yelets lace;
• Matryoshka doll;
• Karpogol, Abashevskaya and Filimon toys;
• Filigree;
• Kasli casting.

The traditions of our miracle workers, painters and masters continue to live in the modern world. Despite the scientific and technological progress, the old Russian folk crafts continue to develop. The works of art that have survived to our times can be seen in museums and exhibitions, it is possible to try oneself in this difficult business in art schools and development centers.