Territory and total area of the Tyumen region: description and interesting facts

The Tyumen region, the territory of which is the third largest in Russia, has always been and remains at the moment, one of the main regions of the country. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, it develops economically, plants are built here, the population increases. Of course, one of the main reasons for the success of the northern region is the richest reserves of natural resources. The bulk of the country's gas and oil reserves are concentrated in the bowels of the autonomous regions.

Facts about the ancient history of the region

The settlement of the territory of the modern Tyumen region began in the upper (late) Paleolithic about 43 thousand years ago. This fact confirms an amazing finding near the village of Baigara - the supramaxillary (ram) bone of the hominid. Its size is about 4.5 by 5 cm, and it belonged to an adult at the age of 20-50 years, who lived in these places 43 thousand years ago. It is assumed that the hominid belonged to the genus Homo sapiens.

It should be noted that the area of the Tyumen region is quite large, and archaeologists have where to "sweep" in search of confirmation of the early settlement of these lands. So, on the shores of Andreevsky Lake and Tours, the first traces of human habitation (burial grounds and remains of settlements) were found. They belong to the Sargatian culture, which existed in the 7th-6th centuries. BC. E. In the first millennium, the resettlement of nomads began: the Ugrians and Samoyedic tribes, which were supplanted from the south by Turkic-speaking peoples. Mixed with native aboriginal tribes, they formed new nationalities, in particular Mansi and Khanty, Selkup, Nenets.

In the 13-16 centuries on the bank of the Tyumen River the capital of the Tyumen Khanate of the Kereits and Tatars was located. It was in vassal dependence on the medieval eastern state of the Golden Horde. After splitting the latter into separate khanates, the first association, the principality of Great Tyumen, is formed in Siberia. He was succeeded by the Siberian Khanate in 1420 with the capital in Kashlyk.

Conquest of Siberia

Currently, the total area of the Tyumen region (including autonomous districts) is 1,464,173 km ^2, and this is the lion's share of the Western part of Siberia. Territories were the first on the way of the Russians to the East. To their arrival in the 16th century. They were inhabited by Nenets (reindeer herders), Khanty and taiga hunters and fishermen of Mansi. The number of tribes was about 8 and 15-18 thousand people, respectively. In the south, Turkic tribes lived, who were collectively called "Tatars".

It is generally believed that the advance of the Russians in Siberia went quite peacefully. They were more likely to penetrate new territories than conquered them. The active development of Moscow by the Urals and the Trans-Urals began after the fall of Novgorod in 1478, but until the end of the 16th century it was limited to only single successful campaigns. The Siberian Khanate gained strength and became a threat to the eastern lands. After the attack on the rich possessions of the merchants Stroganov in 1573, organized by Kuchum, a detachment was commanded, led by ataman Ermak. He literally opened the road to the East for Muscovites, the conquest of Siberia by that time could not be stopped. After a little less than a century, it was fully annexed to the Russian state.

Geographical location and area of the Tyumen region

As noted above, the area of the Tyumen region is equal to 1 464 173 km ² , the region is the third largest in size after the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The length from west to east and north to south is 1400 km and 2100 km, respectively. The Tyumen region is located in the southwestern part of the low-lying West Siberian Plain. The northernmost point is the cape of Skuratov on the Yamal Peninsula, the southern one in the Sladkovsky District, the western one - the source of the Severnaya Sosva River, the eastern one - in the Nizhnevartovsk District. Part of the region is washed by the waters of the Kara Sea, the other is bordered by the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk and Arkhangelsk Regions, the Republic of Komi, and Kazakhstan. The region received its modern name on August 14, 1944.

Administrative-territorial division

There are two autonomous regions on the territory of the region: Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk. In 1993, they received a status equivalent to the subjects of the Russian Federation, but they are still officially part of the Tyumen region. They impress with their size: 769 250 km ² and 534 801 km ^2, respectively. The area of the Tyumen region without autonomous districts is not too large - only 160 122 km ² .

The region includes 29 cities, the largest of which are Tyumen (720,575), Surgut (348,643), Nizhnevartovsk (270,846), Nefteyugansk (125,368), Novy Urengoy (111,163). , Noyabrsk (106 631 people). Approaching the 100 000 mark of the population of Tobolsk (pictured above) and Khanty-Mansiysk. Small towns predominate among cities - up to 50 thousand people. The region is divided into 38 districts, 480 municipalities operate.

The climate of the northern part of the region

Due to the fact that the area of the Tyumen region is large, the climate in some of its areas can differ significantly, like the flora and fauna. A vast territory is located in the zone of arctic deserts, forest-tundra and tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and mixed forests. The region is characterized by extreme natural and climatic conditions for the most part. The regions of the Far North include the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Berezovsky and Beloyarsky districts of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, the remaining administrative units of the latter and the Uvat district are equal to them.

In the north of the region dominates the Arctic (polar) climate with year-round negative air temperatures. It is determined by the proximity of the Kara cold sea and the presence of permafrost, the abundance of rivers, swamps and lakes. The Arctic climate is characterized by long winter (up to 8 months), very short summers, low precipitation and strong winds. The average annual temperature is negative, about -10 ° C, in winter the lower threshold is fixed at -70 ° C. The area of the Tyumen region, located in these climatic conditions, is more than half of the total (note the map above, shaded).

Climate of the central and southern part of the region

The central and southern part of the Tyumen region is subordinated to the temperate climate that is formed in the Northern Hemisphere. It is characterized by frequent and significant changes in atmospheric pressure, air temperature, changes in wind direction. All this is the result of intense cyclone activity. The temperate climate has four distinct seasons: winter and summer (main), autumn and spring (intermediate). In winter, a permanent snow cover is established. The climate can have a different degree of severity from moderate to sharply continental. Thus, the duration of a period with an air temperature below 0 ° C is 130 days a year in the capital of the region. The area of the south of the Tyumen region is approximately 1/3 of the total area.

Minerals

The Tyumen region has reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials, which are visible on a global scale. It is in its depths that the bulk of the country's gas and oil is concentrated. The total volume of geological prospecting drilling exceeded 45 million cu m. Oil is extracted mainly in the Ob region, and gas in the northern regions. The rapid development of the region is associated with the process. The most famous and rich hydrocarbon deposits are Fedorovskoye, Mamontovskoe, Priobskoye, Samotlor, gas - Yamburgskoye, Urengoiskoye, Medvezhye. Peat, quartz sand, sapropel, limestone, precious stones, metal ore (copper, chromite, lead) are mined.

Water and forest resources

The region has an impressive reserve of fresh water, which is concentrated in the main rivers - the Irtysh and the Ob (have navigational importance), Tobol, the lakes Bolshoy Uvat, Chernoy, etc. The area of the Tyumen region in the square. Km, occupied by forests, is 430 000 (43 mln ha). According to this indicator, it ranks third among all regions of the country. In the south there are hot springs with a water temperature ranging from 37 to 50 ° C, they have balneological properties and are popular not only among local residents, but also among tourists from neighboring regions.

The population of the Tyumen region

Having learned about what area of the Tyumen region is in the rating of regions, how big it is, you can draw a logical conclusion that the population should be numerous. However, here it is necessary to make an amendment to severe climatic conditions, in which it is very difficult to live. The Tyumen region with a population of 3 615 485 people (according to 2016, including autonomous okrugs) does not fall even in the top twenty ranking of Russian regions according to the results of the last census. And this despite the fact that it is the third in terms of area. Very low population density - 2.47 people per square kilometer. The majority of people live in cities - 80.12%, which is quite logical, since in the conditions of permafrost and tundra it is difficult to survive in remote villages and settlements.

As for the national composition, the prevailing part of the population, according to the 2010 census, is the Russians (69.26%). Tatars (7.07%) and Ukrainians (4.63%) are on the second and third places. Even less Bashkirs and Azerbaijanis, 1.37% and 1.28% respectively. The share of other nations is less than 1%. The indigenous inhabitants of the north: Nenets, Khanty and Mansi represented 0.93%, 0.86% and 0.34% respectively.