Teaching methods: features, classification and recommendations

Various methods of teaching (including language) allow teachers to conduct rational and effective training of schoolchildren and students. Federal second generation education standards include a section on this issue.

Pages of History

During the existence of Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Syria, there was a lively trade between the countries, there were cultural ties, that's why the first methods of teaching a foreign language had already appeared. Particular attention was paid to the Latin language, which for fifteen centuries was considered the basis of European culture. Possession was considered an indicator of human education. To teach this language used a translation method of teaching, which was subsequently borrowed in the study of German, French, English. The natural method of teaching solved the practical task of teaching colloquial skills.

What are methods of teaching

The method of teaching is the most important component of the educational process. Without the use of certain techniques and techniques, it is impossible to achieve the set goals, make the process meaningful and qualitative.

In domestic pedagogy, the term "method of teaching" implies not only general education, but also applies to the consideration of separate sections - theory and practice.

Modern methods of teaching are a multidimensional, complex pedagogical phenomenon. Under them, it is customary to imply options for achieving the goal, a set of operations and techniques of theoretical or practical mastering of reality, the solution of specific tasks depending on the taught academic discipline.

The method of teaching is a system of purposeful actions of the teacher, which organizes the practical and cognitive activity of the student, which ensures the assimilation of the content of education.

Significance of methodical methods

It is thanks to the pedagogical methods and techniques of interaction between the student and the teacher, various educational and educational tasks are being solved .

Many Russian scientists are convinced that the method of teaching in the teaching of any academic discipline is the main instrument of the professional activity of the teacher. It implies not only the organization of the teaching work of the teacher and the educational and cognitive activity of the schoolboy, but also the interrelationship between them, as well as activities that are aimed at achieving educational, developmental, educational goals of education.

In order to activate the cognitive activity of pupils, the teacher acts as a mentor, with the help of which the student comes from ignorance to knowledge, from a complete lack of knowledge to a solid base.

From the content-logical side, the methods of teaching in school are the logical ways through which students are consciously mastering skills, knowledge, skills. At present, they can be considered a form of movement, the realization of the content of education.

Classification

In connection with the emergence of a variety of names, methods of teaching disciplines should be divided into certain features and components. Among the main features by which they are divided into separate groups, distinguish:

1. Presence (absence) in the training of the initial stock of knowledge. This group is characterized by the use of mixed, translational, direct teaching methods.
2. Correlation of theory and practice of formation of conversational skills. In this group, consciously-comparative, practical teaching methods are used.
3. Application of specific mental states of students, studying any academic disciplines. It assumes the use of relaxation, auto-training, sleep.
4. Alternative (suggestive) and traditional (standard) technologies for teaching subjects.

In addition, the methods and techniques of teaching a foreign language are divided according to the way in which the educational activity is organized into two groups. Management of mental activity can be undertaken by the teacher or the students themselves.

Basic teaching methods

In didactics, the methods of instruction for the specific activities of students and teachers are distinguished. It:

• Work with educational literature;
• story;
• Demonstration experiments;
• Briefings;
• Conversations;
• exercises;
• Lectures.

According to the source of knowledge acquisition

GEF second generation allows the teacher to use any academic discipline of visual, verbal techniques.

For example, in the study of chemistry, the use of a combination of clarity and laboratory experiments will be optimal. Due to problem training, motivation of cognitive interest to study this complex but interesting science is carried out.

At the lessons of geography the teacher actively uses visual tables, and on history he offers the children a video describing historical events in order to build a logical chain together with their pupils.

Thanks to the modeling of problem situations in the lessons of social studies, children receive information about social and public relations, independently solve specific problems offered by the teacher of this academic discipline.

Analytical method

It was used in France, in England, in Switzerland, but in Russia it was practically not used. The basis of this method of teaching was vocabulary. To create a sufficient vocabulary, the students were mechanically memorized original literary works in their native and foreign languages, then a line-by-line literal translation was used, and the meaning of what was read was analyzed.

The Swiss Alexander Shovann was convinced that it is possible to begin full-fledged training only after the schoolchildren have mastered their native language skills, as well as other academic disciplines related to the choice of the future profession: mathematics, physics, biology, geography, chemistry.

It was they who were offered a parallel study of native and foreign languages, based on the connection of several academic disciplines. Instead of an abstract study of grammar, this approach involves the analysis of various situations, the accumulation of vocabulary. Only after the student has formed a sufficient supply of words, the teacher proceeded to explain the theoretical basis.

In modern school forms and methods of teaching are divided according to the degree of activity of schoolchildren for explanatory, search, illustrative, problematic, and research types. They are used by teachers of different subjects, trying to synthesize several techniques, taking into account the individual characteristics of children.

According to the logical approach, methods, besides analytical, are also divided into deductive, inductive, synthetic.

The Hamilton Method

James Hamilton based the educational process on the use of original texts, as well as on the use of word-for-word verbatim translation. This approach has found application in the teaching of literature, Russian, foreign languages.

First, the teacher read the text many times, then it was voiced by the students, then separate phrases were analyzed. Specificity of the teacher's work consisted in the fact that the initial text was repeated many times, and collectively, and individually by each student.

The grammatical analysis was carried out after the teacher understood that the text was read consciously by schoolchildren, they fully understood its meaning. The emphasis was on the formation of oral speech skills.

Jacquot Technology

Jean Jacotot believed that any person is able to achieve his goal, because it has good natural data for this. He was sure that any original text includes the necessary linguistic facts, having mastered which, the student will be able to master the grammatical basis of foreign speech, to understand the theoretical bases of any subject of the scientific and humanitarian cycle.

In psychology, this method is called analogy, in modern school it is used in chemistry, biology, geography, and mathematics.

Features of the pedagogical process

For a long period of time, the process of learning in the school consisted of three stages:

• Mnemonic part , suggesting a mechanical memorization of the proposed sample;
• Analytical part , consisting in the analysis of the acquired information;
• The synthetic part , which consisted in using the acquired knowledge in relation to a new material.

In order to consolidate new knowledge in the learning process, written and oral exercises, stories, laboratory and practical works, analysis of individual fragments of the text, dialogues were used.

The lexico-transfer method has become a more progressive option for teaching students language and other academic disciplines, so it is in demand at the present time.

Mixed method

It was used quite actively in the 1930s in our country. Its essence consisted in the development of speech activity, in which the teaching of reading was singled out as priorities. Teachers of secondary schools were tasked with educating a patriot of their country, who can communicate in several languages, who knows the basics of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and geography.

The methodologists were convinced that it was necessary to divide the material into receptive and productive species. At the initial stage, it meant "practical" study of the material at an intuitive level, and due attention was not paid to its awareness.

Conclusion

Currently, among the numerous methods and techniques used by teachers in general education schools, the system-activity communication method is one of the most progressive. It is used by teachers of different academic disciplines and consists in using the scientific material considered in the lessons, as a means of socialization, interpersonal communication.

New state federal standards implemented in educational institutions are aimed at forming the students' desire for self-development, self-improvement, therefore teachers actively use in their work the technologies of personal learning, individual approach, design and research activity, technology of creating problematic situations.