What is the theoretical basis?

Modern life is changing so rapidly that a person is forced to constantly adjust his life plans, develop, and for this use a certain theoretical basis in every field of activity.

Project technologies in modern science

In connection with the huge flow of information that is falling on a modern man, the design methodologies of mass training have acquired particular urgency. In the 21st century, the theoretical basis of the study is already impossible without the application of the research approach. Even if a person's life is not connected with scientific activity, without projects and research it is difficult to be competitive in the modern world. In order for the younger generation of graduates to feel confident in real life, at all levels of learning they make maximum use of the theoretical foundations of activity: project, research.

Russian education as the basis for the formation of scientific knowledge

If in the Soviet school teachers simply used a theoretical basis, teaching various disciplines, now they give preference to productive teaching methods. Domestic psychologists and educators are developing new educational technologies in which the theoretical basis of the research is complemented by a full-fledged experiment. Of special interest is the results obtained by European specialists who have been successfully using for decades the theoretical bases for studying information in the teaching process, but also adding practical studies.

Theoretical aspects

A conscious, purposeful innovation activity always assumes the theoretical foundations of the formation of an organization. Without applying scientific development of the problems of technology and design methodology, it is impossible to manage the processes of production modernization. A purposeful, conscious, theoretically worked out and scientifically grounded innovation activity is based on theoretical design provisions. At present, without scientific development of the problems of methodology and design technology, it is impossible to manage the transformation processes. Questions relating to design were considered in the works of domestic and foreign scientists: VN Burkova, Yu V Gromyko, EI Mashbats, VE Radionova. With the theoretical basis for the creation of new models of training, MM Potashnik and EA Yamburg were closely associated.

Features of terminology

For a long time, such a term as the "project" was applied more in the technical sphere. He was associated with the development of complex documentation. At present, the project methodology is the theoretical basis of numerous spheres of human activity: literary, theatrical, technical, and musical. For example, considering the importance of social design for parents, students, the object of research will be the search for the importance of such an experiment.

Algorithm of the project

There are certain theoretical bases for the development of any project, regardless of its purpose. To begin with, a hypothesis is put forward, that is, an idea that must be refuted or confirmed after completion of the work. For example, if a social survey is planned, it is possible to choose the possibility of mastering the students' skills in the design work during the training and after-hour activities as a guess.

Next, direct participants of the work are selected: representatives of civil society, parents, employees, students.

When setting goals, take into account the theoretical basis of management, the specifics of the organization. Depending on the chosen direction of the project, the following tasks are put forward to it:

• The study of the theoretical basis of the activity under consideration (education, tourism, production);
• Identification of the importance of project implementation;
• The study of the experience of companies - competitors.

The next stage determines the relevance of the work, its theoretical and practical significance. The project itself involves the introduction, calculations, market analysis, output, bibliography, prospects for implementation, as well as economic risks.

Project work base

Design - the theoretical basis of the work of any company. It is associated with the onset of changes in an artificial environment. This problem is multifaceted, it is equally suitable for all types of activities. Design is considered an important component of the life of a modern person, because each of us must set specific goals, strive for their implementation. Since such processes do not depend on the direction of activity, they are a cultural and historical phenomenon. This activity can be considered intellectual, because before you "try" on real material, you need to predict, explore, evaluate, anticipate the consequences of designs. Thanks to the scientific basis of design, a new activity is being created, the horizons of human subjectivity are expanding. There are certain features of the project:

• Its relation to the future;
• Orientation to a certain state after a period of time;
• Representation in the form of a means of achieving the future;
• Availability of the beginning and the end of the project work.

If we analyze the theoretical foundations of enterprises specializing in the development of projects, it is necessary to mention efficiency criteria (essence).

1. Direct connection with actual needs and a certain system of objective conditions.
2. The connection with the importance of taking consistent and responsible decisions.

This method is always aimed at independent activity, has a practice-oriented nature. It is focused on the practical solution of a theoretically significant problem. The result should be tangible, reproduced in real life.

Requirements for using the project method

Theoretical bases of analysis are impossible without such a technology. It is important to have a problem that requires integrated knowledge. For example, it is required to study the demographic problem in various regions of the world, to study acid rains, to create your own tourist business. Cognitive practical activity can be individual, group, collective. At each stage it is expected to summarize the subtotals. The peculiarity of the method of projects is that all the representatives of the team are on equal terms. Everyone has every opportunity to become a leader, take responsibility for the work being created.

Varieties of application of theoretical design principles

Theoretical bases of the organization of the enterprise, engaged in rendering of services, differ nothing from other spheres of activity. Even in antiquity, there were individuals and entire organizations that professionally provide expensive and complex services that require special scientific knowledge, skills, and certain equipment. In the 20th century, the service was modernized by a large-scale sphere of human activity. "Service" in English is a special kind of human activity, aimed at meeting the needs of the customer through the provision of a certain range of services.

Approaches to the recognition of the essence of service

Considering the theoretical foundations of enterprises of this orientation, it is customary to distinguish their entities. Service is perceived as a form of human activity. Today, the services sector is equated with such large sectors of the economy as transport, finance, trade, sports and entertainment, healthcare, management, education, and science. But there is also a classification based on four basic forms of human activity:

1. Theoretical bases allow to conduct a full material and transformational orientation of various services, thanks to which all the material needs of the population are fully satisfied. For example, having drawings, you can create certain objects and technical devices, repair equipment.

2. Thanks to the cognitive focus of the service sector, not only the material but also the spiritual needs of people are met. For example, educational services and ICT technologies help educate the younger generation of the country, process information on a professional level, conduct statistical processing of the results of the functioning of the firm or enterprise.

3. Thanks to the value-orientation form of activity, the significance of existing social and natural phenomena for the society is established, and a detailed evaluation is given to them. Promote this advertising, expert, diagnostic, artistic directions.

4. Communicative variety of activity is a way of communication between organizations and individual consumers. In this area, we can include service activities in the form of presentations, exhibitions, conferences, communication on the World Wide Web, negotiations, psychological training, communication services.

Applying the theoretical basis of the analysis, representatives of various types of service fully meet the needs of customers. In order to understand them, it is important to master the mechanism of this service.

What is the need?

This is a state of a person that develops as a result of contradictions between existing ones, and necessary, prompting for active actions aimed at its elimination. With the help of the service there is a solution to this problem. There is a division for primary and secondary needs. The former are physiological in nature, often congenital. For example, the need for water, food, sleep. The latter are of a psychological nature. Among their examples, mention can be made of attachment, respect, success, power. They appear in humans gradually. Since everyone has his own experience, the secondary needs are much greater than the primary ones.

Modern European civilization has formed a worldview that connects the cultural environment with social status, the overall development of the individual, the level of education. Such a system of values requires society to have conditions in which a full-fledged development of a free personality is possible. The endorsement in Europe is the use of such types of services, thanks to which development and enrichment of the individual takes place. The modern European needs a certain set of vital benefits, which are not the interests of the monk. The service offered today is guided by a flexible nature, a soft system of social and cultural needs. This allows you to transform it in the direction that is chosen by the consumer.

F. Kotler said that the service is an event or benefit, thanks to which one side offers a second specific blessings. There are different types of classification of species and types. The scientific basis allows us to work out common criteria and schemes for their subdivision, adopted in various countries and regions.

Interstate practice of some countries presupposes their classification based on interrelated criteria: scope, type of services. Typologically similar services are subdivided into:

• Production (maintenance, leasing, engineering, equipment repair);
• Professional (insurance, banking, advertising, consulting);
• Consumer (mass);
• Public (education radio, culture, television).

Taking into account the historically established practice of carrying out economic activities, it is possible to subdivide services on the basis of an industry approach. For example, in modern Russia there is a special classifier of services provided to the population.

Conclusion

Any educational institution in modern conditions is obliged to create optimal conditions for the normal development of the individual, who has creative and critical thinking, skills of independence. Without theoretical knowledge, such institutions can not cope with the tasks set. Among the many techniques that contribute to the development of independence, the ability to adapt to the changing realities of modern society, a special place belongs to project technologies. No sphere of activity, a developing enterprise, can do without its own research and projects. Starting options are suitable for those who decided to try themselves in business. They not only help to master scientific knowledge, but also promote their application in practice. Current projects help themselves to solve specific tasks, comprehend theoretical material, apply information in new conditions.

The starting project is the development of ways for students to master the subject material (taking into account their inclination and interest) and plan their work for a certain perspective. Thus, each student is given a real right to choose the way of his progress in mastering the programmed material.

Final development always helps to approach the results of certain disciplines, the company's work for the analyzed period of time. Depending on the content, monopredetic, intersubject research is singled out. In the tourism business, specialization is planned for the organization of leisure of clients. But even in this non-productive sphere, a full scientific basis is indispensable. Before offering certain directions to customers, employees of the company study detailed information about all the intricacies of the tour in order to answer questions that will necessarily appear in their customers. Modern services provided to consumers are also interconnected with theoretical knowledge. In any sphere of life and human activity, the ability to use scientific information, adapting it to the concrete situation, depending on the actual conditions, comes first.