Formation and development of personality - the main approaches to research

During the existence of civilization, both at the ordinary level, and in science, there are many ideas about how the formation and development of personality. This diversity is due to completely different approaches to comprehension and interpretation, as the objective driving forces of this development, and to the rationale for mental impulses that guide the behavior of each individual individual and which are of a purely subjective nature. In the study of the nature of personal development, it is important to understand the stages, regularities, and many other circumstances that, in one way or another, determine the formation and development of the personality.

There are so many points of view that are so formed that modern science, for better distinguishing between them, uses the method of classifying theories of the development of man and personality according to a number of common signs for them.

Let us consider some of them in terms of fixing the most significant differences and scientific priorities.

Psychoanalytic theory considers the formation of personality as a natural process, during which a natural adaptation of a person to life takes place within the framework of that environment that is inherent in him as a biological species. As one of the founders of this concept, Z. Freud, argues, within the framework of this process, the genesis of certain protective functions and coordination with them, concluded in man potentials to meet the needs.

In accordance with the concept of features, self-knowledge and personality development is associated with the process of intravital formation of personality characteristics, which in no way correlates with any of the known biological processes. Priority of factors within the framework of this doctrine is shifted towards the social environment, the society.

The concept of social learning in many ways resembles what modern psychology and sociology call the process of socialization. According to this view, personal development is, first of all, an uninterrupted process of mastering certain methods and methods of interaction and stereotypes of social behavior. At the same time, the forms of interpersonal interaction of people come to the forefront.

Considering the formation and development of the personality, the psychology of the phenomenological sense and its humanistic direction interpret this as a person's movement toward his own "I-model", moreover, the content of this sample remains extremely blurred and is predetermined not only by socio-cultural factors but also by psychophysical ones.

In the second half of the last century integrative concepts of personal development began to spread and acquire increasing popularity. They do not yet have established names, therefore they can be found under the guise of an ecumenical view of human nature and the processes of its development, many of its aspects are present in cosmological constructions, an integrative approach is also applied in the framework of some theological teachings.

The integrative concept tends to unite different, already formulated points of view on how the formation and development of the individual is carried out. In its framework, an attempt is made to consider this process from the point of view of systemic understanding. One of the most famous theories of integrative development is the teaching of the famous American psychologist and sociologist E. Erickson. This scientist justified the so-called epigenetic principle, which is based on the hypothetical idea that the personality passes through the development of certain phases in the process of development, which in their content are characteristic of all mankind. The next phase, as a rule, ends in a crisis that fixes the achievement by the person of all the requirements that can be brought to him at this stage of development within the framework of this socio-cultural environment.

This formation and development of the personality Erikson interpreted as an essential transformation of the inner world, a system of relations with the surrounding society and nature, which become easily observable features of the human character, its behavior and thinking. In total, such transition points-crises Erikson singled out eight, based on an analysis of the most important age changes that are characteristic of the overwhelming number of people. Estimating the concept of Erickson as a whole, it should be recognized that, claiming the role of an integrative view of the process of personality formation, it is not spared the influence of psychoanalytic theory.