Suggestions with dashes: examples. Dash in a complex sentence

Punctuation marks play a big role in the Russian language. This was noted by F. Buslaev, pointing out that they contribute to the clarity of the presentation of the thought. Everyone knows the phrase from the fairy tale "Twelve Months": "You can not pardon execution." This is a clear example of how punctuation can change the meaning of a sentence.

Punctuation design of the text always causes complexity. And especially difficult is the production of a dash in sentences, both simple and complex. This is explained by the ambiguity and various functions of the punctuation mark. In addition, in some cases, it is identified with a comma.

The role of dashes in sentences

The grammar of the Russian language divides all punctuation marks into highlighting, separating and separating. In addition, they can be single and pair.

The separating dash lies between the subject and the predicate, homogeneous terms and a generalizing word in simple sentences and between parts of complex: unionless, less often with allied bondage. The separator is used as a pair sign for applications, introductory and plug-in constructions. Another (additional) function is a dash - the design on the writing of sentences with direct speech and dialogue. Thus, it is possible to designate an algorithm of actions when setting this punctuation mark: remember the rule and determine the role of the dash in the sentence. This approach will help to write consciously and avoid a punctuation error.

Dash between subject and predicate

The most well-known rule for stating the punctuation mark under consideration is inside the grammatical basis. His role in this case is to replace the missing part of the compound predicate, usually a nominal one. Hence the conditions for setting up a dash in such a case. The sentence "subject to a dash predicate" will correspond to one of the schemes:

• The noun is a noun (both in the nominative case): "Siberia is the vast and rich land of Russia";
• Infinitive - infinitive: "Learn - constantly work";
• A noun - an infinitive or an infinitive - a noun: "To create good is the law of the life of moral people";
• Numeral - numerals: "Five-six-thirty."

Before the words IT, means, it is always put in a dash: "To help the elderly is a sign of being educated." Another possible case: an infinitive is an adverb with a value (or a category word) of the state, but only if there is a logical pause between the subject and the predicate: "Do not know the rules of crossing the road - dangerous for life."

Dash excess

It is also necessary to know well when the punctuation mark between the subject and the predicate is not set. In such cases, a punctuation error is often allowed, which is not always due to mere carelessness. Here are the rules fixed by Russian grammar:

• The subject is a personal pronoun, the predicate is a noun;
• Between the main members expressed by the nominal part of the speech, a negative particle NON or unions is used: AS IT, WORD, AS, BUDTO;
• A predicate is an adjective, usually in a brief form.

Here are possible sentences with dashes - examples of their use in the speech: "You are a man with irrepressible energy", "A young rake is not an example for imitation", "Her eyes are like fire", "The boy is shy and overly shy."

Also it is necessary to note the following variants (they are not so common): "The countess is an elderly person" - there is a secondary term relative to the predicate-noun; "A wonderful man this fisherman" is an inversion (that is, the reverse order of words).

Although it should be noted that staging a dash in the proposals of this type is allowed in the works of art. The task of the author is to emphasize the reader's attention to the meaning expressed by the subject or predicate.

Dash in a simple sentence, syntactically or semantically incomplete

Quite often, especially in colloquial speech, which you need to fix on the letter, you may encounter cases of skipping a predicate (or a minor term). Sense while not suffering, but the design causes difficulties. This is an example of an incomplete sentence, in which the omitted term (more often the predicate) is redundant. The reasons can be as follows:

• It is easily restored from the context ("The first wanted meat, the second - the fish, so decided to limit themselves to a salad");
• With syntactic parallelism ("Here everything is mine, for the forest is mine, for that field is mine too");
• In constructions, where there are two nouns - the first in the dative, the second in the accusative case ("Sister - a doll, a brother - a typewriter").

Punctuation registration of homogeneous members

There is another case of staging a dash in a simple sentence. This concerns the setting of punctuation marks for homogeneous members, where also several points can be distinguished.

1. Homogeneous members - a generalizing word ("Daisies, cornflowers, bells - field flowers looked good in a vase").
2. Synthesis word: homogeneous members - ... ("Classmates: Vitaly, Yura, Sergei - immediately came to the rescue").
3. At the place of the pass of the second part of the double union linking the homogeneous members ("The host not only welcomed the guest warmly, he also gave him a whole basket of food").
4. When relations of opposition or surprise are established between homogeneous members ("Contrary to expectations, she was not afraid - even rejoiced at the news").

Highlighting sign when attached

A dash can be used in a simple sentence and as a double sign. This is the isolation of the application or the selection of introductory and plug-in structures. Sometimes in such situations it is possible to replace it with commas. But there are cases when a dash is the only possible punctuation mark. In order not to be mistaken in its formulation, one should remember the proposed rules.

Here are the most common sentences with dashes: examples of application selection.

1. Before him, you can put the word A: "The hostess prepared a delicious dinner - fish soup from an caught fish and a salad of fresh vegetables."
2. It has an explanatory character: "The owner, who was on the porch, was still a rather cheerful old man, peering at the faces of unexpected guests for a long time."
3. The application faces a definable word: "A delicious sweet berry - strawberry for dessert, delighted everyone who sat at the table."
4. Distributes one of the homogeneous members: "By evening everyone came: an elderly aunt, a cousin - the son of a recently deceased uncle, three cousins along the mother's line".
5. Dash separates several homogeneous applications from the word being defined: "Excellent from the first class, an active participant in all school activities, the support and head of the team - Marina could not help taking part in the upcoming holiday."

The distinguishing sign for the insertion and insertion structures

In sentences of this type, there may be commas, brackets, dashes. How not to make a mistake in choosing the right punctuation mark? What are the characteristics of a dash proposal?

Examples that clearly illustrate this punctuation rule indicate that the introductory construction:

• Is distributed: "Small visitors to the workshop, or - as they are affectionately called and friendly hosts, and the authors of the work - inspirers of new ideas, have always been welcome guests";
• Conveys the feelings of the author (in this case, before the dash is also an exclamation or question mark): "The whole program - how do you like it? - was as a result prepared for the sake of one person. "

When allocating plug-in structures, dashes and parentheses are equally used.

Complex sentences with a coherent and subordinate connection

In such cases, a dash, as a rule, is not the main punctuation mark and can be used instead of a comma. Such a replacement is explained by the fact that attention is focused on the key words or their combination in the sentence, the special intonational formulation of the phrase.

Here are examples of the appropriate setting of a dash in a complex sentence with a union link.

1. The relationship of opposition or surprise in the SSP (compounded): "Put a long straw on the water - and it will easily float on the waves of the river."
2. One or both parts of the BSC - the inviting sentence: "Instant - and the robber was right in front of her."
3. In the NGN (complex), if the main one is an explanatory, conclusive or conditional sentence: "If someone does knock on our absence - do not open the door!"
4. A repeated predicate verb is omitted in one or more parts of the compound sentence: "Some believed that such a donation would be enough, others - that the amount still needed to be increased."
5. In the CPR with a homogeneous subordination subordinate, located at its beginning: "What happened after his departure, why did the sister open the door to a stranger - he did not find the answers to these questions."

Dash in a complex sentence with an association

Russian grammar clearly defines the punctuation in the BSP. The main thing that needs to be paid attention is to correctly establish the semantic relations concluded in it. Dash between sentences (predicative parts) BSP is put in several cases.

In the first part - an indication of the time or condition of the action: "Read the book to the end - go to the attractions." Such a proposal can easily be redesigned in the NGN.

The second part:

• Indicates a rapid change of events or an unexpected result: "The door opened slightly - a strong clap sounded";
• Opposite the first (= A): "It's been a long time - longing did not pass";
• Indicates a consequence or result (= THEN, SO): "I will not return here any more - everything will soon be forgotten";
• Contains a comparison (= BUDTO, SLOVENO): "He looks under his brows - he burns with fire";
• Joins with the help of the words, THIS, THIS: "In ten days' time everything will fall into place - this thought calmed and inspired hope."

Thus, the proposals with dashes (examples we gave in the article) when knowledge of the rules will not cause great difficulties.