A combination of sounds in a word. Combination of several sounds

Orthoepy - definitely one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language. The problem is that even native speakers can not always say how to pronounce a particular word correctly. Of course, in most cases we intuitively know this, but sometimes the combination of sounds in the word confounds us. Are there any rules that can facilitate the life of a Russian-speaking person and help him avoid mistakes at least in this? Definitely there. Welcome to the dark world of the confused Russian orthoepia.

Vowel combinations

Let's start, perhaps, with vowel sounds - they are less exposed to the influence of their neighbors. The combination of vowel sounds is usually pronounced according to the rules of orthoepia. The only nuance is that if there is another vowel in front of it, then there are another vowel, then these sounds, if I may say so, split: - e becomes [ye], - u turns into [yy], - e turns In [yo], and - I - will be pronounced as [ya] - these are the so-called jotovye vowels, in which there appears the sound of this most sonorous. In addition, "iota" also appears at the beginning of a word (for example, " pit " sounds like [ yama ]), and even after separating soft and hard marks ([ vyuga ] and [ padyazd ]). By the way, even if the vowel in front of another vowel stands in a different word ( -y I said -), the jotost will still be present.

Also, it should be noted that the most successful position for vowels is the shock, it is in it that the sounds are heard most clearly.

And practice

Let's fix the combination of two vowel sounds by transcribing several words: independence, canyon, huntsman, pouring, classification, adagio, youth, bright yule, traveling, apple, variant, arrival, fair, country Japan, singing.

Consonant combinations. Identical at the junction of morphemes

With consonant sounds, it's not so easy. Everything matters here: sounds-neighbors, the position of sound in the word (in its morphemes), and many other factors.

The first question is the combination of consonant sounds at the junction of morphemes, in particular, the same sounds. We all heard words like "long, sanity, a program," and we pronounce them, completely without thinking. And at the same time, there are certain rules and phonetic laws that explain these phenomena. So in words like - sew, reason, fake - the combination of several sounds is pronounced as one, just a longer one: [ shoshit, razsudok, podadelka ]. Yes, one more phenomenon is observed here: the assimilation of one consonant to another, which will be explained later. The main thing to understand is that in any case, the same sounds at the junction of morphemes turn into one.

And if they are in the same morpheme? At the root, for example

But what about the combination of sounds in the word, which is in the root? In modern Russian, such cases practically do not occur - they are characteristic mainly for borrowed words ( gamma, process ). So, similar combinations are also pronounced as one sound, but not long, but short. In a number of borrowed words, these changes are visible to the naked eye: attack (from attack) corridor (from the corridor) .

Same sounds in the Russian language at the junction of morphemes become one long, but if they occur in the same morpheme, the root, for example, this longitude does not appear. Another important observation: in phonetic transcription, two identical sounds are never written side by side, if you want to show that this sound will be long, above it is placed a horizontal line - a special phonetic sign.

And what is assimilation

The next phenomenon associated with the concept of a combination of sounds in a word is assimilation. Assimilation is the assimilation of the pronunciation of one sound to another, there are several kinds of this phenomenon, determined depending on influencing each other sounds. Let's consider each of them.

Assimilation by voicing / deafness

Assimilation by voicing and deafness is manifested at the junction of voiced and deaf consonant, respectively - the Russian language is alien to such a combination, so the first sound is affected by the second, stunned or voiced. In a scientific way, this is called regressive assimilation.

Changes occur in the following cases:

1. At the junction of the morphemes: a gap - sonorous-w- under the influence of a deaf-k-also becomes deaf
2. At the junction of prepositions and words: on snow - sonorous -d- is exposed to the influence of a deaf -s-, deafening
3. At the junction of the word and the particle: GOT something - again stun due to the influence of a deaf-to-
4. In the case of words (words that have lexical independence - nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.) words that are pronounced without a pause between them: the rook of a goat - sonorous -d is deafened by the influence of a nearby deaf-k-.

As can be seen from the examples, stunning occurs much more often than ringing. At the same time, this rule does not apply to sonorous sounds in Russian ( Trend - according to the rules it should be pronounced [ Drend ], but due to the peculiarities of Russian orthoepia, the first consonant is not subject to changes) and to consonants before the call-i- appearing in Yotovyh vowels: [ otYezd ], although this word should have sounded like [ oDyzd ].

Assimilation by softness

We go to the next kind of assimilation - for softness. It is also regressive - that is, the first sound is subject to the influence of the subsequent one. Such a change occurs before:

1. Vowel: [e] - m'El - chalk; [ И ] - п'Ил - пил
2. Soft consonants: within the word ( ka''n ' ); At the junction of morphemes ( S'm'en ).

Suspiciously simple

But in this rule there are a number of exceptions. The combination of sounds in a word is not assimilated:

1. At the junction of words ( VoT l'es ) - by analogy with assimilation by voicing / deafness, there should be a softening, but this situation is an exception.
2. Lip consonants - b, n, c, f - before the dental - d, t, r, k, x - ( PT'enchik, VZ'at )
3. - F , w, c - they are never soft, moreover, soft consonants do not appear before them. The only exception to this rule is [ l / l ']: the coNTeCo-coL'co.

Thus, it is impossible to say that assimilation by softness is strictly adherent to the rules regulating it. There are a number of nuances that you can not forget about in any case.

Assimilation by hardness

The next type of interference is assimilation by hardness. It occurs only between the root and the suffix: the blind-the-saddle -that is, the suffix that starts on a solid consonant, affects the previous sound. And again there are exceptions: assimilation will not occur before - b - ( proZ'Ba ), and also the rule will not obey [ n ' ] ( poH'e - zapol'Ny ).

Assimilation before sizzling

The number of sounds in the word is influenced by another kind of assimilation - whistling - s, c - before sibilant - w, h, f -. In this case, the first sound merges with the second, absolutely resembling it: sew - ˉShit , with heat - ˉZharom . The same rule applies to - d, t - before - h, c -: oc . This type of assimilation also extends to the combination - жж - и - зж - at the root of the word (- later - even later ). Thus, because of this kind of likeness, the number of sounds in the word is one less than the letters.

Unpronounceable consonants

Nobody canceled such a phenomenon as unpronounceable consonants. Here and there some sounds are simply not pronounced - you can say that they fall out. This phenomenon perfectly demonstrates the combination of sounds in the word - stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vstv, rdts, lntz - for example, the honest, the late, the feeling, the sun . There are certain difficulties connected with it: some are guided by the so-called phonetic principle of writing (as I hear, so I write), therefore, if the consonant is not pronounced, it should not be in the word. Unfortunately, it is not. So it is necessary to choose a root word to check if there is any sound in the given situation: honest - honor, late - late - usually looking for words where after the consonant will be a vowel or sonorous, which will allow the sound to appear most vividly.

Not quite a combination, but a little bit about stunning

Continuing the theme of stunning consonants, it should be noted that these sounds tend to become deaf at the end of the word, regardless of the previous vowel or consonant. We say void instead of porosity and hammer instead of young . A similar phenomenon leads to the appearance of so-called homophones - words that are written differently, but are pronounced in the same way as the same hammer (as a tool) and young (as a short adjective). The spelling of the consonant at the end of such words should be checked.

And a bit of history

In the Russian language of the beginning of the last century, the assimilation of the sonoras was popular, that is, for example, the consonant - in the word, the army was not pronounced firmly, as is customary to us, modern speakers of the language, but softly ar'm'ya . At the moment, this phenomenon is practically not observed.

Repetition is the mother ...

To fix all of the above, you can use the transcription of the words below:

Garden, laughter, absence, apple, foreboding, hail, droid, savannah, civilization, mirage, burn, report, mail, fill, refusal, fun, grass, power, pour, bribe, access code, Kiev, a year.

Finally

The word, syllable, sound - so you can imagine the orthoepic hierarchy of the Russian language. And to say that everything is easy in it, you can not in any case. On the simplest example of combinations of consonants, we were convinced that not always in order to correctly pronounce a word, there is enough intuition. Let us at least try to speak correctly in order to preserve all the beauty and richness of our language. It's quite easy.