Shurfs - what is it? The device of holes

"Shurfs" - a word that was originally associated with geological excavations. In the future, it found its application in geodesy, archeology, construction, engineering communications research. What are the holes? What it is? Their structure and features we will consider in more detail.

Shurf: definition

This word in geology denoted a vertical or inclined depression in the earth for the search and exploration of minerals. The cross-section of such devices is round (they are also called pipes), rectangular, square. The main feature is small parameters from 800 to 4000 mm, depth - up to 40 m. These geological workings are used for lowering / lifting people, cargo to the mine / surface. In loose soils, these devices require fixation by beams to prevent shedding.

Given the foregoing, it is impossible to underestimate the pit. The meaning of the word was dismantled, it is necessary to consider the specifics of use, types, device.

Applications

There are four main directions for the use of pits:

• For a detailed study of the geological section;
• Selection of soil samples of the undamaged monolith;
• Field engineering-geological research;
• Hydrogeological research.

As can be seen, the scope of use of pits in the course of time has greatly expanded.

Kinds

The research work of such a plan is carried out in two main directions:

• Engineering-geological;
• Special purpose (used to assess the state of the foundation, the main purpose - to find out the cause of the deformations).

In terms of sizes, the logs are divided into three groups:

• Small . Depth of occurrence - up to 3 m. As a rule, such devices do not require fixation. Often used in engineering research (about 60%).
• Medium . The depth is no more than 10 m. When they are installed, the ventilation system is already provided. Deepening is done with the help of drilling rigs.
• Deep . The parameter of occurrence is from 10 m. They are used for solving special problems.

The device of holes

For the installation of such objects can be used as a manual method, and the use of special equipment.

The main parameters for the pit are selected depending on the proposed work, the type of soil. Recommended dimensions:

• Rectangular, square section: 1000 x 1250 mm, 1000 x 1500 mm, 1500 x 1500 mm, 2000 x 1500 mm. The selected parameter also depends on the depth of the device: at a pit height of 3000 mm - 1250 mm, 10 000 mm - 1500 mm, up to 20 000 mm - 2000 mm, over 20 000 mm - 4000 mm.
• Round section: from 700 to 1000 mm. The pipes with a recess up to 10 000 mm - a diameter of at least 650 mm, more than 10 000 mm - from 700 to 1000 mm.

What are the pit, what is it, we dismantled. Now consider the specifics of use in construction.

Special-purpose pits

The foundation is the foundation of the house. The integrity of the whole structure depends on its quality and condition. Therefore, timely assessment is an important component in restoration and construction work. Research pits are used in the following cases:

• Addition of an additional floor, not considered in the original project. The state of the foundation and the possibility of an additional load on it are estimated.
• Technical re-equipment. In construction - replacement, modernization of engineering networks.
• Major repairs. Evaluation of the validity of work.
• The appearance of cracks on the facade of the building, the distortions of the doorways. Such defects indicate deformation of the foundation.
• Inadmissible drawdowns of the structure. This drawback can lead to the complete destruction of the structure.
• When planning the laying of a new foundation near the existing one. The possible negative impact of one on another is assessed.

The causes of deformation can be identified through pits.

The significance of such studies is the ability to identify the factor of destruction of the foundation and its elimination. The main reasons having a direct effect on the foundation of a building may be:

• Precipitation. They can accumulate and undermine the base. Excess of precipitation above the average can trigger a rise in groundwater, which also has a negative impact on the state of the foundation.
• Leakage of water from communications. In parallel, a study of their condition can be carried out.
• Deductions on compaction of the base and backfilling.
• Displacement of soil layers with respect to each other and others.

Timely detection of the causes of destruction of the foundation and their removal can prolong the life of the structure.

Features of pits in construction

Factors influencing the choice of location for research:

• The presence of an obvious deformation in a certain section of the building;
• The most loaded fragment of the structure;
• If the house is multi-sectional, then each section is subjected to research;
• In the presence of additional supports, they are also inspected;
• When restoring determine the location where the supporting walls and supports.

Shafts deepen below the foundation level, so that there is an opportunity to investigate the condition of the base.

For the basement, the survey can be done both inside the building and outside. The pits are excavated in such a way that there is access to the base.

For columnar foundations there can be three types of research depressions:

• Two-sided . Two adjacent sides of the support are exposed.
• Angular . Also clean the two sides of the base, but up to half the width.
• Perimetric . It is used in emergency cases, when thorough research is required both on the foundation itself and on the surrounding soil.

Shafts in construction use a shallow, occasionally average depression.

Types of research

What research options help to produce holes? What it is? What does it matter to assess the condition of the foundation?

To answer these questions, let us consider the list of research papers:

• Depth of foundation laying. Does this value correspond to the weight, height of the structure and the ground.
• Dimensions. Compliance of project documentation.
• Type and strength data.
• Detection of defects and the causes of their occurrence.
• Quality of materials used. Identified by sampling and their research in the laboratory.
• Preservation and quality of waterproofing.
• Change the vertical.
• Condition of the foundation.
• Presence of amplifications.

Such studies help determine the life of the building; The possibility of carrying out restoration work, building an additional floor.

Apparently, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of such devices as a pit, for the construction industry.

Negative consequences of the use of logs

Sometimes the following effects can occur during the construction of depressions:

• Noise in the destruction of concrete structures;
• Dirt and dust;
• Growth of moisture indicators;
• Flooding, if timely pumping of atmospheric waters is not made;
• Violation of waterproofing of the base;
• Impossibility of operation of objects subject to inspection;
• Difficulty of movement near surveyed sites.

It is important that all work is done under the guidance of professionals. This will help to avoid a number of negative consequences.

Geodetic surveys and pits

Even at the design stage, the result of a geodetic survey is important, which allows you to determine the type of soil, the depth of groundwater, the availability of underground engineering networks, and so on. These data help to determine the type of foundation, the depth of its occurrence and engineering networks, with the type of materials for construction and much more.

Therefore, the use of research with piers during the design phase determines the quality and length of service life of the future structure. "What kind of pits are there, what is it? Their structure and features; Importance for construction, geodetic and engineering work "- a topic that is relevant and promising. With the help of these devices, you can extend the life of the old structure and extend the life of the erected building.