Research work: an example of design for schoolchildren and students

The purpose of literate design of research work is to show students' skills in independent development, conducted by modern methods. Besides, it consists in analyzing the results obtained and comparing them with the book data. Schoolchildren and students should demonstrate the ability to come to scientifically grounded conclusions.

Today we will talk about the structure of research work and the basic principles of its design. The main requirements here are accuracy, capacity, brevity and maximum full compliance with the content. There are even examples of registration of research works for kindergartens! But we will talk today about the labors of students and schoolchildren.

What to write in the introduction

The purpose of this section is to briefly characterize the problem in its current state, justify the relevance of the implementation, the significance from the point of view of science (as well as practice). In addition, to formulate the main tasks and objectives of the work, to identify the subject of research and its object, to put forward a basic hypothesis. Even the example of design of research work in primary school contains the same requirements (perhaps in a somewhat simplified form).

Justifying the relevance of the chosen topic, avoid verbosity. The main thing is to show the relevance and timeliness of it, as well as the essence of the existing problem.

A classic example of the rules for the design of the research work of a schoolboy or a student requires that the formulation of the main goal and the specification of specific tasks to be solved by the given work be reduced. As a rule, information is provided in the form of a list - which aspects should be identified, studied, restored, described and so on. With a single goal, several tasks can be put forward at once. The optimal number of them is from three to five.

The wording of the goal should contain an indication of the general meaning and direction of the study. It should fit in one sentence. The goal is organically tied to the topic and must be completely in tune with it.

And what are tasks?

With the designated tasks, we refine our goal and pave the way for its achievement. The formulation of each of them corresponds to the next stage of the content and most often serves as the title of a specific chapter.

In the introduction, it is necessary to formulate both the object of research and its subject matter. Under the first are understood the phenomena (or processes) that gave rise to the given problem situation, which are to be studied. The subject of research is only a part of the object. They determine the topic given as the name on the title page.

If there is an example of design of research work with the formulation of the theme in a figurative style, the name should be duplicated in more scientific terms.

Hypothesis is one of the most important elements of the study. What it is? This term is understood as a scientifically grounded assumption concerning the explanation of (quite conventional) certain phenomena, their causes or regular connections. The area of nomination of the hypothesis is the natural environment, social life or the human mind.

Section on literature review

It requires the author to demonstrate knowledge of the basic works that are available on the topic under consideration. Another necessary skill relates to the ability to work with book materials, select, analyze and compare the facts in them. Any example of registration of research work induces the author to demonstrate his own familiarity with the designated area in the context of at least several sources, which allows him to set serious scientific tasks.

The text of the section is accompanied by references to the material used for the work. The same applies to existing tables and figures. While reviewing the literature, it is necessary to concern only the selected subjects. It is not necessary to detail all the information read, most of which only indirectly affects the problem.

Examples of registration of research work of schoolchildren and students demonstrate that this section is recommended to conclude with a concise conclusion concerning the prospects for future study of the subject.

If our work is conceived in the natural sciences and concerns materials obtained in field conditions, then the following sections should be provided.

Methodology and research material

An example of registration of research work in this part contains an indication of the area where the data was collected, the date of collection of materials, information about who was monitored, its objects are listed. If it is a question of experimental work, it is necessary to specify the place of its carrying out.

By methods of research means those methods and techniques, which the author resorts to in his work. They depend on the tasks assigned and act as tools in obtaining the factual material. Among them, one can single out methods that relate to the general (in the form of observation, comparison, measurement, modeling, synthesis, analysis, experimentation, questioning, testing, interviewing) and others (of a private nature) that are used to deprive only a narrow range of tasks.

What is the difference between the method and the methodology? These concepts you will find in any example of design of research work. The latter concerns the diagnosis and methods of data processing, and also explains the result. If the methodology is not author's (its description is contained in the available literature), a detailed description of the essence is not required. It suffices to confine oneself to a reference to the appropriate source. In the case of making changes to it, they should be described in detail with the justification for this need. The same applies to the whole original technique.

What else do you need to provide for

An example of the design of the research work of a student and student implies, among other things, in this section the enumeration of the instruments and instruments used in the work, indicating the permissible error in the measurement of all parameters.

The section characterizing the area of research is compiled using literature. Its value is quite large in the development of natural-science, geo- and biological, etc. In similar works this section is very extensive.

On the results of research

The "Results" section, as a rule, is the main one. Here you can find examples of the design of the practical part of the research work. Usually it is divided into several parts in accordance with a number of specific tasks. Its content consists in a detailed description of the revealed results with their illustration (if necessary) of figures, tables, graphs, diagrams and photos. A comparison is made with data obtained from third-party sources.

References to tables or figures in the text of this section are mandatory. According to the design rules, which we will discuss below, each subsection summarizes the most basic points (usually without the use of the word "inference").

In the case of a large amount of material, a separate section can be devoted to a comparative analysis of the identified data. Here the author has to flash with the ability to reflect, draw the necessary conclusions and compare facts or data. It is here that his agreement with a generally accepted point of view or a motivated objection is given.

The results listed in the strict order should be subject to statistical processing. This is done using known computer programs like Excel or with special algorithms written specifically for this study (which can be one of its tasks).

conclusions

The task of this section is to briefly summarize the results of each item, provide practical recommendations and outline the future of research. In the absence of concrete results, the conclusions are replaced by a more or less lengthy conclusion. It fulfills the role of the ending, logically formalizes the results obtained and ties them to the tasks to be solved and the overall goal of the work.

In the conclusions, it is necessary to indicate whether the author has achieved the goal, and to what extent. This requirement is always presented for example the correct design of research work.

"Literature" and "Applications"

These sections are devoted to listing in alphabetical order a complete list of used works. In the case when some of them are published in foreign languages, they are also listed alphabetically, after a list of Russian-language sources. The numbering is thus end-to-end.

In the "Applications" take out most of the additional and auxiliary materials in order to avoid cluttering the main text. Their content can be very different. It is also about the originals of certain documents and the protocols of research with specific data.

The form of materials can be graphics, text, a map, a table, an illustration, a photo, etc. Any of the applications exists as a separate sheet, in the corner (upper right) of which is the word "Application" with a specific title. If there are several of them, the numbering of them is carried out without the letter "No" with the help of Arabic numerals. It also has a cross-cutting nature and is the continuation of the numbering of sheets of the entire text of the work. Associate applications with the main document through links ("see Appendix 1").

Research: example (sample) design

Perform it on standard sheets of white writing paper in A4 format. The location is vertical. Each of the sheets contains fields (2 cm above and below, 1 cm on the right and 3 cm on the left). You do not need to circle them.

Adhere to the optimum total sheet size. It should not be too large. Best of all, when the number of pages - from 15 to 20.

The text is printed, as a rule, on the computer using a line spacing of one and a half characters. Place it only on one side of each sheet, align with the transfer of words along the width of the text. A decimal point is used.

Necessary Nuances

All abbreviations are subject to mandatory decoding. If abbreviations are required, an explanation of each of them is made at the first mention.

The numbering of the pages is from the fourth on the account. The figure is placed on the top margin in the middle of the sheet. The first page is the title page. If there are references to plants, animals, microorganisms, after each of them, the name of the species is given in brackets in Latin. The surname of the author who first described this phenomenon is also indicated.

If the research is conducted in the field of botany, it is necessary to attach an appropriate herbarium to the work.

Structure of work

The first (title) sheet indicates the full name (legal nature) of the institution where the work was carried out. Next in capital letters - the name of the work itself, then the name, the name of the performer, his class or group, as well as data about the leader and consultant (if any). If available, mention the title and academic degree of each. This applies mainly to examples of registration of research work of students. The name of the settlement and the year of implementation are shown below.

The second sheet is always devoted to the content of labor (table of contents). It necessarily contains a full set of headings and subheadings of the study, whose strict compliance with the text must be observed. The page numbers from which each section begins.

Any title is written with a capital letter. The point at the end is not set. The headings are numbered according to the indexation system (1.1, 1.2, ...).

Let's move on to the text

The third page is dedicated to the introduction. The volume of it, as the classic example of registration of research work, usually does not exceed the page size.

Starting with the fourth sheet, we move on to the main part of the work with the sections named above. It always happens in the form of a solid text, separated by small intervals. Each section should be marked with double numbering (3.1, 3.2, etc.), the headings of all subsections must also be listed in the literature.

At the end of the main part, a conclusion is drawn (or conclusions are written). For this, separate sheets of paper are used. Literature is also listed from a new page.

How to draw illustrative material

All tables are numbered through order. Their location on the sheet can be horizontal or vertical. On the right, we should designate: "Table number ...". In the middle of the line below is its name.

In the case of reprints from any literary source, the indication in parentheses after the title of the link to it is mandatory. If the table is an alternation of results and literature data, the references are placed in the corresponding parts of the table. If necessary, the table below contains all the necessary notes.

When its size is too large (it does not fit on one sheet), it is possible to move to the next one (in brackets - "continuation" or "ending"). The title of the table is given only once.

All graphic images that can exist in the form of diagrams, photographs, diagrams, graphs or drawings, also have end-to-end numbering and are referred to as figures. Perform them with ink or black paste. Necessary for the author's designations are taken to the drawing using numbers or icons. Below the figure is put its designation - "Fig. (Number)" and the name. Below is a numbered list of symbols.

As in the case of tables, a link is placed on the drawings borrowed from the literature. If the picture is reproduced with changes to the original, this should be indicated next to it.

Research work: example of registration of links

The form of indicating them depends on the source. The latter are articles or books that have an author or several, as well as reference books, dictionaries and school textbooks.

If the book or article has one or two authors, the links are made out with their parents in parentheses with no initials, separated by commas, together with the year of publication. Another option is to indicate the name of the author in the text of the work. In this case, the initials are entered, the year of publication is indicated in brackets.

If the author's team consists of more than two people, the name of only the first one is mentioned with the addition of "et al." Or "with co-authors". In the case of too many authors (this refers to encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc.), instead of the surname, only the title with the year of publication of the book is given.

As a rule, long names of literary sources are given no more than once. In the future they are subject to reduction. In the case of using a verbatim quote in a text, a page number with a quoted fragment is indicated with a comma.

How to make a list of literature

This is done according to certain bibliographic rules for different sources. An example of registration of research work of a student or a student contains exactly the same requirements. Any of the articles or books is written in alphabetical order from the red line. In the beginning, as already mentioned, work is in Russian, below - on foreign.

It is mandatory for all types of sources to specify information about authors, titles, output data and quantitative characteristics. The output means information about the name of the publisher, its location and year of publication. The names of cities are given in full here, with the exception of Moscow and St. Petersburg, which are used to reduce.

A quantitative characteristic is understood as the number of pages. If it is a question of a journal or a collection, only those pages that relate directly to the publication are given. In this case, the information exists in the form of the first and last of the numbers indicated in the dash.

Referring to the Internet site, the source list, in addition to the author and title, is placed on the web page address.