Reflexive verbs in Russian and foreign languages

The concept of "reflexive verbs" exists in many languages. The category of repayment echoes with the category of collateral. In school textbooks on the Russian language, all verbs that end in -s are often referred to as return ones. Gather, be afraid, take ... However, in theory, several approaches are described, according to which the verb can be considered returnable. Indeed, by their education and significance, they can vary widely among themselves.

For example, they can be formed from transitive verbs (remember, these are the ones that necessarily require after themselves a noun in the accusative, additions: borrow something, someone, put something). Accordingly, the return verbs formed from them will be engaged , rely on . In such cases, the affix -s is considered formative. It is interesting that the verbs forming pairs can have a similar meaning (to paint - to be painted ), and can coincide only in one of their values or not coincide at all ( to lose - to get lost ). When forming from intransitive verbs (for example, crying ), the particle -sa is a word-forming one. In addition, there are reflexive verbs that do not exist at all, for example, laughing, twisting . Some are formed from adjectives ( proud - proud ). Many authors distinguish not only the concept of "reflexive verbs", but also the "return form of the verb".

The values of reflexive verbs can also be different. This is the action of one subject, which is also the object of this action (to assemble); And the effect of several subjects and simultaneously objects of action (hugging), and many others.

In foreign languages

Returning verbs in other languages have a similar meaning: they express that the action is directed at the subject. And, of course, every language has its own peculiarities of the formation and use of such verbs.

Thus, reflexive verbs in German can be formed only with the participation of sich, that is, the return pronoun, which also varies in persons and numbers. Declination of pronouns is the subject of a separate conversation. Most often the pronoun stands in the accusative case, but if there is another addition, a dative appears.

Usually the translation of such verbs into Russian does not cause difficulties, since the purpose of this construction is clear. Ich kämme mich - I brush my hair. Many of the German return verbs are also in Russian. However, there are exceptions that need to be remembered. Their complete list can be found in special tables, we only give some examples. The German return verb corresponds to the irrevocable in Russian: sich sonnen - to sunbathe. And vice versa: zweifeln - to doubt. It is interesting that in German they speak of real and false return verbs. The difference is that the former do not exist without sich. Therefore, the verb is remembered immediately with a reflexive pronoun and preposition, with which it is used. For example, sich freuen über + Akk. - rejoice in anything. The group of so-called non-real return verbs are those that are used with or without sich.

Returning verbs in French are called pronominal. The return particle is se (or its forms me, te or nous and vous depending on the face and number). For the beginners with a vowel or h-verbs, a truncated form (s') is used. It is noteworthy that this particle faces the main or auxiliary verb. Another feature of such constructions in the French language is that even if the return verb has an undefined form, the particle se is still inclined. For example, je veux me coucher - I want to go to bed. As can be seen from the same example, pronominal verbs in French do not always correspond to the verbs s-ya in Russian. For example, se promener is a walk.