Nogai Horde

The Nogai Horde is the name of the Tatar medieval state. It arose on the lands of the Golden Horde, which Aksak-Timur destroyed, in the first half of the XV century. The Nogai Horde, whose history is closely connected with the development of such states as the Great Orda, the Kalmyk Horde, the states of Siberia, Astrakhan, Kazan, the Moscow principality, is a vivid example of a medieval power that has survived the flowering and falling.

The prerequisites for the formation of the Nogai Horde were Tokhtamysh-khan's transfer of the nomadic Tatars of the Nogai ulus to the territory between the Urals and the Volga. Kara-bey headed the Horde, which left the Turks, passed to the Sakmar River, then to the White and the Kama. After that, the Nogai Horde conquered the Bulgars, and then migrated to Kazanka, where the city of Kazan was founded. After the Horde occupied the land along the river Vyatka.

Leaders. Leadership over the peoples that formed the Nogai Horde was taken by the Mangut tribes, located in Khorezm. During the campaign against the Golden Horde, Aksak-Timur cooperated with them. Mangits were a large and strong Tatar tribe. They were mostly under the rule of Eden. When Aksak-Timur retreated from Eastern Europe, Idegay led his subjects to Khorezm. In 1420, Idegae died, and his people fell under the power of nomadic Uzbek khans. The tribes of the Mangits were headed by Vakkas-bey, who deserved the post of the Beklerbek from the Uzbek khans and took part in the military operations of Khan Abukhair.

After the death of Vakkas-bey, his receiver launched a fight against the power of Kazakh and Uzbek khans. Musa-bey, who headed the tribes of the Mangits, fought for independence and was able to achieve relaxation. With him, the Nogai Horde had a capital in the city of Saraichik.

The appearance of the Nogai Horde. The first mention of the state of the Nogae was found in Russian sources dating back to the end of the 15th century. Musa Bey was able to strengthen his positions so much that he began to make attempts to influence the Great Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian Khanate. In alliance with Khan Ibak, he undertook a campaign against the Astrakhan Khanate, and at the end of the 15th century, after uniting with the Siberian Khan, he went to the Kazan Khanate. At this time, the strength of the Nogai state was so noticeable that Alexander Kazimirovich, the Lithuanian prince, inclined them to the anti-Moscow coalition.

Later, the Nogai Horde acted as a united front with Moscow and the Crimea against the Great Horde. In 1502 in the lower reaches of the Volga, the Great Orda was defeated by the joint forces of Moscow, Kazan and the Crimea. As a result, the Astrakhan khanate fell into complete dependence on the Nogai Horde.

Nogai Horde: the development of statehood. The defeat of the Great Horde was an impetus for the development of the Nogai Horde. The population of the young state has increased, its borders have expanded, and the system of statehood has developed. The head of the Horde confessed to be. After him, the importance of nuradin. His duties included the protection of the uluses from attacks. Kekovat was also prescribed. His sphere of interests included the eastern borders of the state. The sons of Bey bore the titles of Murzas. When he was dying, his eldest son took his place. In military times appointed batyrs - the leaders of the detachments. They were recognized brave, craftsmen and brave souls. There were in the Nogai Horde and ministers - Karachi - responsible for their areas.

The state religion in the Nogai Horde was Islam. Servants - Abyz, Sufis, shahehs, Seites - performed Islamic rituals. They spoke in the Nogai Horde in the Tatar language, while using Arabic script for correspondence.

Mutual relations with the Moscow Principality. Under Ivan the Terrible, with the help of bribery and cunning, the Nogai Horde turned out to be closed to other Tatar states. As a result, enmity and mistrust erupted between the Nogai Horde and the Crimea, Kazan and Siberia. In 1556, the Nogai Horde overtook the famine, and the Moscow Principality refused to help her. This greatly undermined the strength of the Nogai Horde, but the Tatars still remained on their lands. As Nogai Horde weakened, Moscow mastered the Tatar lands, engaged in the construction of fortresses. The destruction of the Nogai Horde continued with the Cossacks in the 16th century and the Kalmyk Horde in the 17th century. By the beginning of the XVIII century, the last of its inhabitants were exterminated.

The history of the Nogai Horde closely intertwined with the history of modern Kazakhstan. Nogais and Kazakhs are people of one people.