Means of artistic expression: examples in the literature

Full, juicy, accurate, bright speech best conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence the success in all endeavors, because correctly constructed speech is a very accurate instrument of persuasion. It briefly outlines what means of artistic expression a person needs to achieve the desired result from the surrounding world every day, and which ones - in order to replenish the arsenal of expressiveness of speech from literature.

Special expressiveness of the language

A verbal form that can attract the attention of the listener or the reader, to make a vivid impression on him through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the usual and everyday is linguistic expressiveness.

Here, any means of artistic expressiveness works well, in literature, for example, metaphor, sound, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.

A huge role is played by vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical structure and phonetic features. Each means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.

Phonetics

The main thing here is sound recording, a special artistic technique based on the creation of sound images through sound repetitions. You can even imitate the sounds of the real world - twitter, whistle, rain noise, etc., in order to evoke associations with the feelings and thoughts that you need to evoke from the listener or reader. This is the main goal that means of artistic expression must reach. Examples of onomatopoeia contain most of the literary lyrics: Balmont is especially good here "Midnight at a time ...".

Almost all poets of the Silver Age used sound recording. Beautiful lines left Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky. Symbolists, on the other hand, have learned to evoke auditory, visual, even olfactory, tasteful, and tactile ideas to move the reader's imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.

There are two main types, most fully revealing the audio-recorded means of artistic expressiveness. Examples from Blok and Andrei Belyi, they used exceptionally often to assonance - the repetition of identical vowels or similar in sound. The second kind - alliteration , which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev - is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.

Vocabulary and Phraseology

The main means of artistic expressiveness in literature are trails that expressly depict a situation or an object using words in their figurative meaning. The main types of tropes: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, periphrasis, litote and hyperbole, irony .

In addition to the tropes, there are simple and effective means of artistic expressiveness. Examples:

• Antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
• Phraseological units;
• Lexicon, stylistically colored, and vocabulary, which is used in a limited way.

The last paragraph includes both argo, and professional jargon, and even vocabulary, not accepted in a decent society. Antonyms sometimes are more effective than any epithets: What kind of pure you are! - To the kid who has bathed in a pool. Synonyms enhance the color and accuracy of speech. Phraseological units are pleased with the fact that the addressee hears the familiar and comes to contact more quickly. These language phenomena are not a direct means of artistic expressiveness. Examples, rather, are non-special, suitable for a particular action or text, but capable of significantly adding brightness to the image and impact on the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech completely depend on what means of creating artistic expressiveness are used in it.

Epithet and comparison

Epithet is an appendix or addition in translation from Greek. Notes an essential feature that is important in this context, using a figurative definition, based on a hidden comparison. More often this adjective: black melancholy, gray-haired, etc., but can be an epithet of a noun, adverb, adverbial, pronoun and any other part of speech. It is possible to divide the used epithets into general language, folk-poetic and individual-author means of artistic expressiveness. Examples of all three types: grave silence, kind fellow, curly twilight. You can divide differently - into the picturesque and expressive: in the mist of the blue , the nights are insane. But any division, of course, is very conditional.

Comparison is the comparison of one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with the metaphor, where the names are interchangeable, in comparison both the subject, feature, action, etc. should be named. For example: glow, like a meteor . You can compare in different ways.

• Instrumental case (youth flew by a nightingale );
• A comparative degree of adverb or adjective (eyes are greener than the sea);
• Unions as if, as if , etc. ( As the beast creaked the door);
• Words similar to, similar , etc. (Your eyes are like two fogs );
• Comparative subordinate clauses (golden foliage spun in a pond, like a flock of butterflies flies on a star ).

In folk poetry, negative comparisons are often used: It is not a horse's top ... poets often build works of rather large volume, using this one means of artistic expressiveness. In the literature of the classics, this can be seen, for example, in the poems Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, prose Gogol, Prishvin and many others. Many people used it. This is probably the most popular means of artistic expressiveness. In the literature it is present everywhere. In addition, it serves both scientific, and journalistic, and colloquial text with the same zeal and success.

Metaphor and personification

Another very widely used means of artistic expressiveness in literature is metaphor, which means, in translation from Greek, a transference. A word or sentence is used in a figurative sense. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike comparison, the metaphor is more compact. It leads only to what is compared with one or the other. Similarity can be based on form, color, volume, purpose, sensation, etc. (A kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of letters, a treasure trove of poetry) . You can divide metaphors into conventional (general language) and artistic ones: golden hands and stars are awe-inspiring ). There are already scientific metaphors: ozone hole, solar wind , etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expressiveness are used.

The type of the trail, similar to the metaphor, is an embodiment when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or phenomena of nature: the sleepy fogs have fallen, the autumn day has turned pale and gone out - the personification of the phenomena of nature, which is especially frequent, the object world is less often represented - see Annensky "Violin and bow", Mayakovsky "Cloud in his pants", Mamin-Sibiryak with his " good-natured and cozy face at home " and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice personifications: the device says the air heals, the economy moves , etc. Hardly there are ways to better this means of artistic expressiveness, painting speech more colorful than the personification.

Metonymy and synecdoche

In Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from the subject to the subject, where the basis is contiguity. Very adorns the narrator using means of artistic expressiveness, especially such as metonymy. Connections on the principle of contiguity can be the following:

• Content and contents: eat three plates ;
• Author and work: scolded Homer ;
• Action and his instrument: he waved swords and fires ;
• The object and material of the object: I ate gold on gold ;
• Place and actors: the city was making noise .

Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech, with it clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no epithet, laconism, is added. It is not for nothing that it is used by writers and publicists, it is also full of the spoken language of all strata of society.

In turn, a kind of metonymy - a synecdoc, in translation from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but the principle is only one - the quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer this way:

• Less for more (to him the bird does not fly, the tiger does not go; drink a glass );
• Part on the whole ( Beard , what are you silent? Moscow did not approve of the sanction).

Periphrasis, or periphrasis

A description, or a descriptive sentence, in Greek - a turn, used instead of a word or a combination of words, is a paraphrase . For example, Pushkin writes "Peter's creation," and everyone understands that he meant Petersburg. Peripherals allow us the following:

• To identify the main features of the subject we are depicting;
• Avoid repetition (tautology);
• Vividly assess the depicted;
• Give the text sublime pathos, pathos.

Perifrazes are inadmissible only in business and official style, while in others there are as many as you like. In colloquial speech, it most often adjoins with irony, merging together these two means of artistic expressiveness. The Russian language is enriched by the fusion of different paths.

Hyperbola and Litota

An imaginary expression with an exaggerated exaggeration of the sign or features of an object, action or phenomenon is a hyperbola (from Greek it is translated as an exaggeration). Litota - on the contrary, understatement.

Thought is given to an unusual form, bright emotional coloring, convincing evaluation. Particularly well help create comic images. Used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expressiveness. In literature without these paths, too, do not get by: a rare bird from Gogol will fly only to the middle of the Dnieper; Tiny bugs from Krylov and many similar in almost every work of any author.

Irony and sarcasm

In Greek, this word means pretense, which is quite consistent with the use of this trail. What means of artistic expressiveness are needed for ridicule? The statement should be the opposite of the direct meaning, when a completely positive assessment conceals a mockery: an intelligent head - an appeal to Oslu in Krylov's fable is an example. " Unsinkability of the hero " is the irony used in the framework of journalism, where quotes or brackets are most often put. The means of creating artistic expressiveness are not exhausted by it. As irony in the highest degree - wicked, sarcastic - sarcasm is often used: the contrast between the expressed and the implied, as well as the intentional exposure of the implied. Unmerciful, sharp exposure - his handwriting: I usually argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts only with those who ate them (Zhvanetsky). The algorithm of sarcasm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon generates anger and resentment, then comes the reaction - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are worse than hungry wolves . However, you need to use sarcasm as gently as possible. And not often, if the author is not a professional satirist. The bearer of sarcasm often finds himself smarter than others. However, not one satirist did not get to get out of love. She and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expressiveness are used in the evaluating text. Sarcasm is a killerly powerful weapon.

Non-special means of language vocabulary

Synonyms help to give the speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "rush" instead of "run" for greater expressive power. And not only for her:

• Clarification of the thought itself and the transmission of the smallest semantic nuances;
• Evaluation of the depicted and author's attitude;
• Intensive enhancement of expression;
• Deep disclosure of the image.

Also, antonyms are also a good expressive tool. They clarify the idea, playing on contrasts, more fully characterize this or that phenomenon: glossy paper for flood, and truly fiction - a stream . From the antonyms there is also the widely accepted method of the writers - the antithesis.

Many writers, and simply note-wags willingly play with words that coincide in sound and even in writing, but have other meanings: a steep guy and steep boiling water , and a steep bank; Flour and flour; Three in a diary and three carefully spotted. And anecdote: To listen to the authorities? Here, dismiss ... And they fired. They are homonyms, homographs and homophones.

Words that are similar in spelling and sound, but having absolutely different meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power with deft use. History is hysteria ; Master - millimeter , etc.

It should be noted that such non-main means of artistic expressiveness, as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms, are not used in official and business styles.

Phraseologisms

Otherwise - idioms, that is phraseologically ready expressions, also add orator or a writer of eloquence. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive evaluation - positive or negative ( small fry and apple of the eye, soap up the neck and sword of Damocles ) - all this enhances and adorns the visibility of the imagery of the text. Salt of phraseological units - a special group - aphorisms. Deepest thoughts in the shortest possible execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expressiveness, in the artistic text. Here you can include proverbs and sayings.