Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic war. Heroes of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War

At the end of June 1941, German troops invaded the USSR. The Fascists regarded this battle as the decisive stage in the process of the formation of a German monolith from the Atlantic to Siberia. The USSR was a multiethnic country. Different nations participated in the war. The territory of Kazakhstan did not bypass the fights. At the time of the start of the battle this republic had enormous natural and human resources. Let's see what role Kazakhstan played during the Great Patriotic War.

Summary of the historical pre-war period

Despite the fact that during the two preceding decades the transition to socialism was not fully realized, a great deal was done on the way to this goal. In particular, colonial and national oppression, medieval illiteracy and backwardness were eliminated as soon as possible. At the same time, equality between women and men was established, peace and harmony among peoples. Patriotic national traditions played a special role in this. For many centuries, the Kazakh people successfully defended the borders of their steppes. During the period of the colonial struggle, during the three revolutions on the construction sites of the five-year plans and the fronts of civil confrontation, interethnic friendship was established and significantly strengthened. The widespread anti-fascist propaganda exercised great influence on people.

Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War

Briefly describing the state of the republic at the time of the attack of the fascists, it is necessary to give some statistical data. According to the results of the population census conducted in 1939, there were 6.2 million people in the republic. Approximately 1.2 million joined the ranks of the army. Kazakhstan played a special role in achieving the common goal of freeing the USSR from the aggressor during the Great Patriotic War. The photos presented in the article illustrate the readiness of people to defend the Motherland. The Soviet government, taking into account the experience of tsarism, created special construction teams and a labor army. They included representatives of the indigenous peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In total, more than 700,000 residents of the fraternal republics were mobilized.

State of the farm

The economy of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War was at the stage of successful development. Every fourth citizen of the republic was sent to work in the defense industry and on the front. However, this did not prevent the further development of the national economy. High mobilization indicators were due to the agrarian nature of the economy, a large percentage of peasants in the population. Of no small importance was the delayed reservation of labor reserves in the defense industry and machine operators from agriculture.

Forming Connections

Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) created parts and formations directly on its territory. The bulk of the inhabitants joined the active Soviet army as a march replenishment. Four cavalry and twelve rifle divisions, seven brigades, about fifty separate battalions and regiments of various arms were formed in the republic itself. Several of these units were created as national units. Formed in excess of the mobilization plan, these units were almost half composed of Komsomol members and Communists. Before the transition to the army, they were provided with uniforms and other necessary things and items, were kept at the expense of the republican budget, as well as voluntary contributions from the population.

Heavy period

Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) made a worthy contribution to the training of the cadre and reserve officers for the fleet and the army. More than 42,000 young Kazakhs were sent to specialized educational institutions. The military educational institutions that existed at that time produced about 16,000 officers. Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War, like other regions of the country, rapidly moved the economic sector to the defense sector. In particular, the costs of peaceful purposes were minimized. Most of the enterprises moved to the production of defense products. Machine tools, labor, materials were allocated for them.

Evacuation of citizens

Many difficulties were withstood by Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). Briefly, it is possible to describe only a part of the hardships suffered by this people in the period of confrontation. At the beginning of the resistance in the republic were found shelter, a place in the ranks, the work of more than 500 thousand immigrants from the western regions. In Kazakhstan, during the Great Patriotic War, about 970,000 repatriated Germans and Poles arrived. Most of them settled in the villages and villages. In the city, at that time, the housing problem was acute enough. Its aggravation was at the very beginning of the war. So, for one citizen in 1940, there was no more than 5.1 square meters. M, in subsequent years - 4,3, and in some cities even less.

The food crisis

Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War experienced an acute shortage of products. Their receipt on the markets has decreased in 7-15 times. At the same time, food prices and necessities have grown 10-15 times. As a consequence, a card supply system was introduced for bread and other necessary products. The food problem promoted the expansion of individual and collective gardening, a network of subsidiary farms. Thanks to the joint efforts of the population and the leadership of the republic, the crisis was overcome. As a result, abundance was not achieved, but citizens were able to get the minimum necessary to meet the primary needs.

Relocation of enterprises

The location of the evacuated industries was one of the key elements of the rear logistics rearrangement. In Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War, 220 factories, artels, workshops, factories and industrial complexes were relocated. Subsequently, 20 of these enterprises were re-evacuated. A large share was made by food production, factories and factories of textile and light industry. Their placement, as a rule, was carried out on the basis of republican enterprises. Many evacuated industries were launched in a hurry, in unprepared rooms, and sometimes under canopies. Under these conditions, the production was adjusted not only for the previously produced, but also for new defense products.

Administration of labor in rural areas

In the first few years of the struggle against fascism, as in the period of collectivization, political departments were formed on state farms, and political instructors in field and tractor brigades. The latter were often given fairly broad powers. They could bring to justice those who did not maliciously comply with the norms, were considered disorganizers and idlers. Rigid administration of work in the countryside, the massive involvement of children and women in labor, the decline in the technical equipment of state farms and collective farms, a reduction in the payment of workdays, violent theft of livestock, and the introduction of taxes have had a serious impact on the state of the population. North Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War was starving. To assist the population in the Aktyubinsk region, government commissions were formed. In accordance with the situation, the powers of the People's Commissariats and their leadership were expanded and their responsibility for the situation in the industry was strengthened. As a result, the number of meetings was significantly reduced, efficiency and efficiency increased. However, at the same time, administration began to decline in the direction of excessively stringent measures. This was facilitated by changes in inner-party life, widespread propaganda of the personality cult. In addition, the practice of the past, which encouraged the formation of unconstitutional bodies, also affected. For example, in the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, emergency commissions and troika were created. They carried out management of sowing, led the deployment of evacuated citizens, fighting fires and so on. Pavlodar, Karaganda regions, East Kazakhstan in the years of the Great Patriotic War worked with rather crude administration. In some areas methods of intimidation of workers were used.

Social sphere

The necessary means and forces not only preserved, but also developed healthcare, education, science and culture of Kazakhstan. During the Great Patriotic War, nurses and doctors of the republic not only managed to ensure a high percentage of return of sick and wounded, but also prevented the spread of typhoid and typhus, other diseases. The educational system has practically not changed. However, the number of pupils decreased noticeably. This was particularly noticeable in rural areas. Cultural institutions have been seriously affected. Approximately a quarter of the clubs were transferred to hospitals and manufacturing enterprises. The number of libraries has decreased by more than two times, and their book fund has decreased by one third. The number of theaters in the republic remained the same. At the same time, a significant qualitative shift has taken place in the work of these institutions. Especially outstanding were the results of the activities of filmmakers. After the connection of Alma-Ata, Leningrad and Moscow studios, Kazakhfilm was formed. The national literature was of special patriotic importance. Heroes of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War were sung by such masters as Auezov, Shukhov, Snegin, Jabaev. Some authors were themselves on the front line.

Assistance to the front

Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War formed the Defense Fund. It included voluntary contributions of the residents of the republic. By October 1943, its size reached 185.5 million rubles in money and 193.6 million in value of bonds. The campaign for the purchase of tanks and submarines began. To provide the army Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War sent 480 million rubles. The total amount of the contribution of the republic together with the cost of loans on bonds, lotteries and other income amounted to 4,700 million rubles. These funds could cover the direct costs of warfare for two weeks.

The first blows of the enemy

From the very first days of confrontation on all fronts, the Soviet army, in the ranks of which thousands of Kazakhs fought, fought fierce battles with the fascists. The frontiers took the first blow. 485 outposts, which provided security for the borders, restrained the onslaught of the enemy. The defenders of the Brest Fortress showed unseen steadfastness. Representatives of more than thirty nations of the USSR were present in the defending units. The soldiers of Lieutenant Naganov's platoon fought courageously at the Tiraspol tower. In this battle Turdyev and Fursov, the national heroes of Kazakhstan, showed themselves. During the Great Patriotic War, the national detachments that fought in the territories of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia staunchly repelled the attacks of the opponents.

Battle for Moscow

The Soviet army, overcoming the difficulties, was able not only to survive, but, mobilized, to deliver a crushing defeat to the enemy in the battle near the capital. A special role in the confrontation was played by the 316th Division under the leadership of Major-General Panfilov and Commissioner Yegorov. Personnel heroically repulsed the onslaught of enemy tank formation. The whole world knows the immortal feat of 105th regiment fighters, who were able to destroy 18 enemy vehicles, without letting it to the east. It was then that political instructor Klochkov uttered a phrase that flew around the front: "Russia is great, and nowhere to retreat, Moscow is behind." Courageously fighting soldiers of the 316th Division. During the fighting, General Panfilov was killed. Exceptional fortitude and heroism in the battle for Moscow were manifested by the soldiers of the regiment under the command of Karpov and the battalion under the leadership of Baurdzhan Mamyshli. The battle was with the enemy, whose strength was fourfold superiority. For a whole month fierce battles were fought. The Panfilovs managed to defeat four German divisions. The feat of soldiers was not left without attention of the country's leadership. For the manifested valor, the 316th Division was transformed into the 8th Guards Division and awarded the Order of the Red Banner. At the request of the fighters, she was soon named after the deceased commander.

Heroic deeds

Speaking of the battles near Moscow, one can not help but recall the heroism of Tulgen Tokhtarov. Having broken into the headquarters of the fascist part in Borodino, he was able to destroy five German officers. Tulgen Tokhtarov received the title of hero posthumously. A group of submachine gunners, commanded by Malik Gabdullin, were hit by fascist tanks and a detachment from the militia was withdrawn. For the feat of the political director of the company was awarded the title of hero. Ramazan Amangeldiev was killed near the village near Serpukhov, on the banks of the Oka. This submachine-gunner killed thirteen Germans in his last battle in his life. Amangeldiev was a submachine gunner in the 238th division. For stability in defense and decisiveness during the offensives, organization and discipline, this division received the Order of the Red Banner and was transformed in 1942 into the Guards.

Fights near Leningrad

From the beginning of September 1941, the Kazakhs actively participated in the breakthrough of the blockade. In particular, the battle was fought by the 310th Rifle Division, and then the 314th Division, which was formed in Kazakhstan. The fighters were able to inflict heavy damage on the enemy. Soldiers participated in the liberation of more than twenty settlements in the Leningrad region, in providing communication with the "big earth", laid along with the other soldiers "the road of life." During the battles, Party organizer Baimagambetov repeated the feat of Matrosov. For this he was awarded the title of hero. The bravery and a high level of training showed the soldiers of the Baltic Fleet. Commander Admiral Tributs, in his letter to the Kazakh people, expressed enormous gratitude to the republic for the people whom she brought up, celebrated the heroism of the fighters, their courage and fortitude. High professionalism showed in the battles of the city on the Neva commander of the Koibagarov. In his submission was the 5th division of the company of the 1236th regiment of the 372nd Infantry Division. Soldiers were able to quickly advance, to make passages in enemy fences and block the bunker. The commander of the Koibagarov was the first to break into the trenches, drawing the remaining soldiers behind him. A third of the formations of Kazakhstan fought near Leningrad.

Guerrilla movement

Despite the courage and steadfastness displayed by the fighters of the front, the war in the first stages developed very tragically for the Soviet people. From the first days of the fighting, a guerrilla movement arose. Due to its mass character and excellent organization, as well as subordination of plans to the tasks of the Soviet command, it acquired a special strategic significance. In the partisan movement there were quite a lot of Kazakhs. So, in the Leningrad detachments there were more than two hundred, in the Smolensk region - more than two hundred and fifty, in Byelorussia and Ukraine - about three thousand.