Introductory turnover. Introductory words, phrases and sentences. Punctuation

In their speech, people often use introductory constructions to show their attitude to what they are talking about. At writing, the introductory turn is necessarily allocated with commas, and in oral speech such a turn should be distinguished intonationally. Let us consider in more detail some rules and peculiarities of using this type of construction.

Definition of the introductory turnover

Introductory turnover - these are words, phrases and whole sentences that reflect the speaker's attitude to what he is talking about, or point to the source of information. These turnovers are part of the proposal, but are not their members, nor do they enter into a syntactic connection with the other members of the proposal and are not members of the proposal at all.

How to determine input structures

Since the same words can act both as an introductory construction and as an ordinary member of a sentence, you need to know exactly how it is possible to determine such turns in the Russian language. Examples will help you better understand this issue:

• First, if you throw out the introductory construction from the text, then the meaning of the text will not be lost. Compare: "The enterprise may have already been reorganized" and "The enterprise can still be reorganized". In the first case, this word is introductory, because the meaning of the sentence is not lost, which does not apply to the second option. However, this method of verification is not always correct, since the structure can be preserved. In this case, you should pay attention to the meaning of the phrase. For example: "Thus, this problem was solved". If by "this way" is meant "in such a way", then this is not an introductory phrase, if it is understood as "so", then this turn of speech should be considered an introductory phrase and must necessarily be separated by a comma.
• Secondly, the introductory words are not members of the proposal and therefore it is impossible to put a question to them or from them. Compare: "I think I understand everything now" and "She seems a bit tired to me". In the first case, asking the question "it seems" is impossible, and in this case it is an introductory word. In the second case, you can ask the question "What does?", And the word "seems" acts as a predicate.
• Thirdly, one introductory word or phrase in a sentence can easily be replaced by another, and the meaning of the whole sentence is not lost. For example: "She may have called her father herself and told about what happened." In this variant, if you replace "possibly" with "probably", the meaning of the whole sentence will not be lost.

Also, when using some words and phrases as introductory constructions, small difficulties may arise. Let us consider each of them in detail.

Words: by the way, in general, in short, in fact, in fact, in truth, more precisely - as introductory words

Words: by the way, in general, in short, in fact, in fact, in truth, more precisely - will be used in the sentence as introductory, if to them it is possible to add "speaking". Compare: "By the way, we are going to go to the forest tomorrow" and "This dress came to her by the way." Obviously, in the first case, the word "by the way" is an introductory word, because you can add "speaking" to it, and it must be separated from two sides by commas.

Features of using "however" as an introductory word

"However," can act as a union, and as an introductory word. If "however" can be completely replaced by the word "but", then in this case it is an alliance. For example, we wanted to come to visit, but bad weather spoiled all our plans.

If the word "however" is in the middle or at the end of the sentence and does not serve to link two complex or parts of the sentence, then it acts as an introductory word and it is mandatory to separate it in the text with commas. For example, we wanted to come to visit, the rain, however, ruined all our plans.

"Finally" as an introductory word

"Finally" can act as an introductory turn of speech. In this case, the word determines the order of information provided by the author. For example: "Firstly, he is young, secondly, he is strong, finally, he is full of strength and energy."

If "finally" appears as a circumstance of time and can be replaced by "at the end" or "at the end", then this word is not an introductory word. For example: We walked incredibly long and finally left in the forest.

Phrases that are most often perceived as input structures

Many believe that: literally, maybe, in addition, as if, suddenly, in the end, after all, after all, here, all the same, it is unlikely, hardly, even, just, exclusively, as if, just as it were , Besides, I suppose, meanwhile, at the suggestion, by decision, by order, approximately, approximately, therefore, almost, decisively, simply, ostensibly, as if it were introductory turns, but this is not so. These words and phrases do not act as introductory constructions and it is not necessary to separate them with commas.

Types of introductory turnovers by their value

All introductory words and phrases are divided into several digits, depending on what values express the introductory speech. Examples will clearly show the differences:

1. Introductory turns, which express an assessment of the degree of reliability of information (confidence, doubt): undoubtedly, of course, certainly, indisputably, in all probability, it goes without saying, apparently, there are indeed others. For example: "All the villagers, really, were very nice people."
2. Words that express the usual nature of the event described: it happens, it happens, as usual, as usual, as always, according to custom, and others. For example: "New Year's party is held, as always, in the assembly hall of the kindergarten."
3. Introductory constructions that express the emotions and feelings of the speaker: to joy, fortunately, unfortunately, to pleasure, to surprise, unfortunately, to amazement, to regret, to chagrin, to vexation, is an uneven hour, a strange thing, as if on purpose, bringing Good. For example: "To my surprise, she got together very quickly, and I did not have to wait long for her."
4. Introductory words that indicate a sequence of thoughts: first, secondly, on the one hand, on the other hand, and therefore, on the contrary, on the contrary, in general, however, in particular, by the way, incidentally, Hence, in addition, in this way, for example, so. For example: "Her smile testified not to a beautiful life, but, on the contrary, tried to hide all her misfortunes."
5. Some introductory constructions indicate the nature of the utterance: in a word, in short, in short, so to speak, in other words, it's better to say, in other words, to put it mildly, roughly speaking, between us speaking, truthfully speaking, to say by conscience, it's funny Say and others. For example: "In truth, the dinner cooked by the new chef did not make a big impression on me."
6. Introductory designs pointing to the source of information reported: according to the report, according to the information, according to rumors, in your opinion, in my opinion, they say, according to my calculations, they say, as is known, from the point of view, and others. For example: "According to the witness, the suspect was at home at the time of the crime".
7. Introductory words that are directed to the reader to attract his attention: see, see, understand, understand, understand, understand, excuse, imagine, forgive, do mercy, please remember, remember, have mercy, agree, listen, let me note Yourself and others. For example: "Dumplings, you will agree, is one of the most favorite dishes of students and bachelors".

Parts of speech in which introductory constructions can act

All kinds of introductory constructions can perform in different parts of speech. By this criterion, introductory constructions can be represented in such parts of speech as:

• A noun with a preposition: fortunately, for joy, without doubt;
• Adjective: the most important, in general, at most;
• Pronoun: meanwhile, besides, besides;
• Adverb: certainly, indisputably, undoubtedly, naturally;
• Verb: it seemed, I think, they say, suppose;
• Infinitive: see, admit, know;
• Combinations with gerunds: frankly speaking, roughly speaking, truth speaking;
• Full sentences: I think he hopes, as I recall;
• Impersonal proposals: everyone remembered well, it seemed to me that she dreamed;
• Vaguely-personal suggestions: as usual talked about him, so they thought about him.

Punctuation marks when using introductory constructions

As mentioned earlier, the introductory phrases and words in the text are separated from each other by commas. In some cases, instead of one of the commas, a dash will be used. If the opening phrase has not been fully implemented, then the dash is set after it. For example: "On the one hand, I was not allowed to go to a party, on the other - I could not miss it, because there will be all my friends."

If the opening word is located in the text before the generalization word, but before all the homogeneous terms of the sentence, then use a dash instead of the first comma. For example: "TV, telephone, computer, refrigerator - in short, all the equipment in the house worked properly, despite the considerable voltage drops in the morning."

Punctuation marks when using introductory sentences

The selection of introductory sentences in the text can be done in several ways:

• With commas. For example: "She, I'm sure, will be happy without me";
• Using parentheses. This type of allocation is used if the introductory sentence acts as additional comments or clarifications to the text. For example: "My appearance (I noticed) embarrassed everyone around";
• With a dash. Also used if the introductory sentence is an additional remark or clarification to the text. For example: "Buyers - there were two of them - behaved very restrained."

The use of participial turns and introductory constructions

People sometimes confuse introductory turns and other speech turns in the Russian language. Many believe that gerundive turnover is only a type of introductory turnover, since these types of designs have much in common. The use of participial turns is similar to the introductory sentences, moreover, if the proposition is to be thrown out of the proposal, the meaning of the sentence will not change, just as with the use of introductory turns. Despite this, these types of designs have a number of differences. First, the gerundive turnover answers the question: "What is done?" And "What are you doing?", And it's impossible to raise the issue to the introductory turn. Secondly, in the proposal, the participial turnover is determined by circumstance, and the introductory constructions are not a member of the proposal.

Differences of phraseological and introductory turns

Also, people often have doubts about sentences with phraseological phrases. Some try to take a phraseological turn for introductory. However, it is not. Phraseological turnover is a stable structure and composition, as well as a lexically indivisible word combination, which is perceived as a single whole.

Unlike the introductory constructions, phraseological speech in Russian in writing should not at all be distinguished by punctuation. It is also possible to put a question to phraseological turnover, and, therefore, this construction is a member of the sentence. Thus, sentences with phraseological phrases should not be confused with proposals with introductory constructions, because these are sentences with different types of constructions.

The difference between comparative and introductory turns

In addition to all the above types of constructions with introductory turns, they often confuse comparative turns and try to apply to them all the rules, as for introductory ones. Such designs are very different from each other. The comparative turnover, as well as the phraseological and adverbial, is a member of the sentence, but always acts as a comparison. Comparative turns in the Russian language are not always marked by punctuation, so you can make a mistake by mixing the comparative turnover with the introductory note.

All the above-described types of turnover and introductory turnover have one common similarity - this intonational allocation. It is this selection, in the first place, that makes one doubt when the introductory design is correctly defined.

The use of introductory constructions in speech is simply necessary, since they indicate the emotional saturation of the text and show the speaker's attitude to the object of conversation. Determine, as well as correctly identify speech in the opening speech in the Russian language will not be difficult if you know all the simple rules that have been described in this article.