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Hazardous Chemicals: Description and Characteristics. First aid for poisoning

Hazardous chemicals include toxic drugs that are used in both agriculture and industry. They, when released or spilled, can pollute the environment and lead to the destruction or death of plants, animals and people.

Such chemicals are found in large quantities, usually at refineries, defense, pulp and paper and chemical industries, as well as in non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy plants . In addition, they are available at the objects of meat and milk production and food production, at trade bases and refrigerators.

Chemicals are usually kept at the enterprises in such quantities to ensure uninterrupted three-day work. They store them on special warehouses, placing them in containers with an increased coefficient of strength. In addition, each group of them around the perimeter is surrounded by a closed earthen embankment or enclosing wall, created from anti-corrosion or non-combustible materials.

The most common dangerous chemicals are chlorine, ammonia and mercury. In the situation of an accident, they pass into a gaseous state and form special zones of damage, having a different area and concentration. This will depend on the wind. Under adverse weather conditions , the affected area can reach several tens of kilometers.

In more detail, let's look at the characteristics of the most dangerous substances.

Chemical substance chlorine is a gas of yellow-green color, having a sharp and irritating specific smell. In its properties, it is two and a half times heavier than air. Has the ability to accumulate in a low place, flow into tunnels and cellars. Its vapors irritate the mucous membrane, the skin, and also the eyes and the respiratory tract. If direct contact occurs, it will cause a burn. When exposed to the body, it can cause chest pains, dry cough, vomiting, impaired coordination, shortness of breath, eyesight and tearing. If there is a lasting influence, then, most likely, there will be a fatal outcome.

The methods of first aid are as follows:

  • Remove or remove the victim from this zone;
  • Remove contaminated shoes and clothing;
  • It is recommended to drink plenty of liquids;
  • Rinse face and eyes with water;
  • Induce vomiting if the chemical enters;
  • Give the chance to breathe oxygen;
  • To ensure peace.

Ammonia has the form of a colorless gas with a special smell of ammonia. It is two times lighter than air, but in combination with it is explosive. In the presence of a large dosage, it can cause damage to the respiratory tract, the main signs of which are: choking, increased heart rate, cough and runny nose. Vapors are so irritating to the skin and mucous that cause lacrimation, pain in the eyes, itching on the skin, redness and burning. Quite often, burns occur with ulcers and vesicles.

The methods of first aid are as follows:

  • On the victim wear a bandage that moisten with water, or with a five percent solution of lemon;
  • Remove or withdraw from the infected area, while transporting only lying down;
  • Give the opportunity to breathe water vapor (warm) ten percent solution of menthol;
  • Eyes and mucous membranes should be washed with water for about fifteen minutes.

Mercury refers to liquid heavy metals. The substance is very dangerous when it enters the human body. Vapors are highly toxic and can cause severe injuries.

First aid in case of mercury damage:

  • Quickly escape from a dangerous place;
  • Change clothes, change shoes, wash in the shower, rinse your mouth.

If a hotbed with dangerous chemicals is found, you must immediately leave the premises and call specialists.

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