How the Universe was formed. Theory of Education of the Universe

Microscopic particles that human sight can only see with a microscope, as well as huge planets and star clusters, amaze people's imaginations. Since ancient times our ancestors tried to comprehend the principles of space formation, but even in the modern world, the exact answer to the question "how the universe was formed" still does not exist. Perhaps the human mind is not given the solution to such a global task?

This mystery scientists of different epochs tried to comprehend from all corners of the Earth. The basis of all theoretical explanations are assumptions and calculations. Numerous hypotheses put forward by scientists are designed to create an idea of the universe and explain the emergence of its large-scale structure, chemical elements and describe the chronology of origin.

String theory

This hypothesis to some extent refutes the Big Bang as the initial moment of the emergence of elements of outer space. According to string theory, the universe has always existed. The hypothesis describes the interaction and structure of matter, where there is a certain set of particles that are divided into quarks, bosons and leptons. In simple terms, these elements are the basis of the universe, since their size is so small that division into other components has become impossible.

A distinctive feature of the theory of how the universe was formed is the assertion about the above-mentioned particles, which are ultramicroscopic strings that constantly oscillate. They do not have a material form once, they are an energy that together creates all the physical elements of the cosmos. An example in this situation is fire: looking at it, it seems like matter, but it is intangible.

The Big Bang - the First Scientific Hypothesis

The author of this assumption was the astronomer Edwin Hubble, who in 1929 noted that the galaxies are gradually moving away from each other. The theory states that the present great universe originated from a particle that had a microscopic size. The future elements of the universe were in a singular state, in which it is impossible to obtain data on pressure, temperature, or density. The laws of physics in such conditions do not affect energy and matter.

The reason for the Big Bang is the instability that has arisen inside the particle. Peculiar fragments, spreading in space, formed a nebula. After a while these minute elements formed the atoms, from which the galaxies, stars and planets of the Universe emerged as we know them today.

Cosmic inflation

This theory of the birth of the universe asserts that the modern world was initially placed in an infinitesimal point, in a state of singularity, which began to expand with incredible rapidity. After a very short period of time, its increase already exceeded the speed of light. This process was called "inflation".

The main task of the hypothesis is to explain not how the universe was formed, but the reasons for its expansion and the concept of cosmic singularity. As a result of work on this theory, it became clear that to solve this problem only calculations and results based on theoretical methods are applicable.

Creationism

This theory dominated a long time until the end of the XIX century. According to creationism, the organic world, humanity, Earth and the great universe as a whole were created by God. The hypothesis originated among scholars who did not refute Christianity as an explanation of the history of the universe.

Creationism is the main opponent of evolution. All the nature created by God in the six days that we see daily, was originally this and remains unchanged to this day. That is, self-development as such did not exist.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the accumulation of knowledge in the fields of physics, astronomy, mathematics and biology begins to accelerate. With the help of new information, scientists make multiple attempts to explain how the universe was formed, thereby pushing creationism to the background. In the modern world, this theory has taken the form of a philosophical trend, consisting of religion as the basis, as well as myths, facts and even scientific knowledge.

The anthropic principle of Stephen Hawking

His hypothesis as a whole can be described in several words: there are no random events. Our Earth today has more than 40 characteristics, without which life on the planet would not exist.

American astrophysicist H. Ross has estimated the probability of random events. As a result, the scientist received a figure of 10 with a grade of -53 (in case the last figure is less than 40, randomness is considered impossible).

The observed universe contains a trillion galaxies and in each of them there are approximately 100 billion stars. Proceeding from this, the number of planets in the universe is 10 to 20, which is 33 orders of magnitude less than in the previous calculation. Consequently, in the whole cosmos there are no such unique places with conditions as on Earth, which would allow the spontaneous emergence of life.