Folk culture. Russian folk culture. Folk culture and traditions

Practically every nation has its own heritage. One of the main instruments of its transfer is folk culture (folklore). Further in the article we will consider this concept in more detail, compare it with modern trends.

general information

In the history of each nation there is both folk and mass culture. The latter is a more modern phenomenon. An example of popular culture: the company of young people sings the songs of some famous performer, strolling through the streets. Another species has significant differences. Folklore culture consists in studying sources about folk festivals or parables, legends and other works. If we proceed from this, it becomes clear that in the first case we are dealing with modern mores. A folklore - Folk culture - describes the life of the last century. All genres of folklore were created long ago and today are considered a historical heritage. A small part of the works of past centuries has become an integral part of the modern world.

Degrees of development

There are two levels of folk culture - high and low. The first includes fairy tales, legends, ancient dances, epic, etc. Reduced is considered a manifestation of pop culture. Basically, works that have reached us from the depths of centuries, have anonymous creators. Tales, epics, dances, songs, myths and legends are among the most valuable highly artistic works. They have nothing to do with elitist manifestations. It is generally accepted that Folk culture came to the modern world from ancient times. Its subject is the nation as a whole. There are no separate creators and professional masters, who are valued separately. Such a culture is part of people's way of life and work. All works were inherited in oral form and had several options. Reproduction of folk culture can be individual (this is a story, a legend), mass (carnival), group (dance a dance or sing a song).

Lecture hall

The society has always shown interest in folk culture, so it is customary in industrial and traditional societies. However, in a post-industrial environment, the situation is slightly different. If we talk about the differences between folk and high culture, they are similar to ethnic and national differences. What is the difference? National and high culture is transmitted only in writing. At the same time, the national and ethnic - in different (oral, written and others). Elite culture is created by the educated population, and ethnic - by the less educated citizens. Recently, the modern audience was interested in folk culture and traditions.

Aesthetic component

What it is? Folk art culture consists in the fact that a person who is a master, thanks to his ability to focus on a certain thing, and also to formulate it all in a meaningful fragment, can convey all this in the form of a song, dance or verse. Due to this, aesthetic development of the individual in particular and society as a whole. Art culture can attract the bulk of the population. All works are created both by professionals and by amateurs. All works, songs, poems that are worthy of attention, are inherited and become art. A person who knows how to convey his thoughts in verse, song or dance is rich spiritually, he has an open heart and sincerely shares his impressions. Thanks to such artists, people from year to year had the opportunity to enrich their inner world, fill the emptiness of the soul.

Russian folk culture

This phenomenon is studied by many sciences. Each discipline has its own view of the subject and its methods of research. The volume of updated information is so great that scientists do not have time to follow it and master it for scientific enrichment and personal knowledge. The legacy of folk culture is growing every day. In this case, each object claims a place of the main, in which the whole meaning of the world is stored. This means that each discipline represents its knowledge as the most extensive in the field of spiritual values: folkloristics, literary criticism, art history - from iconography to musicology and architecture. Every person who is interested in the Russian folk culture knows about all the successes of the listed cultures, since they are all audible, readable and displayed for public viewing. Their number and namelessness speak about the birth of the people's element. And in the symbols about which they tirelessly repeat that they became masterpieces of Russian culture, the artistic image of the Russian people was expressed.

Understanding

There are different ideas about the term "people's culture". Below are the main points of view:

• Enlightenment of the lower classes of society;
• Enlightenment of the "illiterate" society;
• Culture, which was created by the elite, but was "lowered" down.

Such definitions carry a cognitive intention when they are viewed in a specific historical passage.

Traditional folk culture of peasants

It was formed on the basis of religious understanding. It was not so much a spiritual foundation as the main content of spiritual life. The peasant culture had at its disposal various tools that allowed to perceive and correctly see the world, helped to master the perception of the sensual and supersensible. In accordance with the opinion of several authors, one can put the notions of "religiosity" and "people's culture" on one level. The development of peasant spirituality is an important source of subsequent progress in society during the Middle Ages. At the same time in Europe, the number of cities is growing rapidly. The most determined people were settled: serfs, feudal lords, who wanted to change their lives. There were new kinds of activity: craft, trade.

Annals

With the classical training in Russia in ancient times it was not very good. Then there was a mistrust of "pagan" science. At the same time, there were a number of the most popular areas. Among them is worth noting iconography, church architecture, liturgical singing and chronicle. The Russian chronicler could tell his contemporaries the whole meaning of history, he was a historiosophist, philosopher and chronicler. Such "teachings", "words" were very popular. At that time the first written code of laws was created. Russian folk culture had all the features of the European. And later it practically had no difference from the folklore of Christians.

Religion

The popular religion in Russia had two names in the church and scientific circles of the 19th century. They defined its nature as a synthesis of the doctrine of Christians and "pagan" beliefs. The first name was such - "duality", the second - "everyday Orthodoxy". The first is used in scientific usage and in the modern world, it is perceived by scientists formally. In the literal sense, this term should be understood as the combination of two faiths in the popular religion. In numerous studies of the beliefs of the Slavs of the East (and also of Russians), the main interest of ethnographers is directed toward "pagan experiences," the reconstruction of archaic models and interpretation. In the Middle Ages in Russia and in the West, there was a gap between the traditional consciousness of many and the book culture of a smaller population. Intellectuals of Russia who had a desire to own the Greek language, studied it even under Prince Yaroslav the Wise: in Kiev there were their translators. There was a connection between the Middle Eastern centers of Christians and Rus, and over time, in spite of any events, it was no longer interrupted.

Value

How did the formation of moral values occur? Mass culture is a spiritual product of art, which is created in a wide circulation. It is designed for a large audience, for a large number of spectators. Its main advantage is that it is designed not only to entertain a large number of people, but also to enrich their thoughts. Folk culture, examples of which are given above, is quite relevant in modern society. To date, there are few people who are not interested in the spiritual heritage of their ancestors. People's culture can be recognized practically by every person of any age and any level of education. Its main feature is simplicity (texts, movements, sounds are easily perceived by people). Culture is for people of an emotional type.

Spiritual development

Any culture is considered in a dynamic and static way. Certainly, spiritual development is no exception. The formation of culture is a rather complex phenomenon. Statics provides for development in space. Discipline examines cultural typology, morphology and structure. This is a synchronous study of the process. Culture is also classified as spiritual, physical, material and artistic. Let's take a closer look at the spiritual culture. It is based on a creative activity that is expressed in a subjective form and satisfies the secondary needs of society. The structure of spiritual culture includes: religious (beliefs, modern cults), moral, legal (legislation, executive system), political (ideology), pedagogical (ideals of raising children), intellectual (history, philosophy, science). It is necessary to know that the objects of this subject are museums, theaters, libraries, cinemas, educational institutions, concert halls, courts.