Fecal obstetrics: decoding in children (table, photo)

A coprogram is a study of stool to determine their properties, chemical and physical composition, the presence of abnormal inclusions to confirm the diagnosis of a disease, and to monitor the dynamics of disease and the effectiveness of therapy.

The calous content is formed when the chyme (lump of food) moves through the digestive tract from entering the oral cavity to the anal canal. Therefore, the results of the coprogram are a valuable diagnostic criterion for determining gastrointestinal diseases.

When a coprogram is assigned

In faeces, it is possible to detect various microorganisms in the number and kind, fecal pigments, particles of undigested foods, epithelial cells from various areas of the intestine.

In accordance with the characteristics of fecal contents, an experienced laboratory assistant will easily reveal pathological processes that are localized in one or another part of the intestine.

A coprogram is assigned when:

• Glistovaya invasion.
• Acute, chronic diseases of the stomach.
• Neoplasms.
• Diseases of the duodenum.
• Various infections.
• Pathologies of the pancreas, liver, gallbladder and ducts.
• Pathological processes in the small intestine.
• To assess the effectiveness of the therapy and the need for treatment correction.

With the help of a coprological analysis, it is possible to identify a dysbacteriosis (a condition when the ratio of normal and pathogenic microorganisms is violated and the increased multiplication of the latter takes place).

Coprogram is rarely used as an isolated diagnostic method, more often its use is combined with other studies. However, despite this, the diagnostic value of coprologic analysis is very high.

Rules for passing the analysis

There are a few simple rules that need to be considered when submitting material for this analysis:

• If the patient takes iron preparations or products containing bismuth, they will have to stop taking them. In addition, do not use laxatives and rectal suppositories. You can not wash the gut with an enema.
• If the patient underwent contrast radiography, the analysis of stool can be carried out no earlier than seven to ten days after this, since barium is able to change the properties of feces.
• For several days before the analysis it is necessary to exclude exotic dishes.
• For forty-eight hours before delivery of the material, beets, tomatoes, tomato paste and juice, as well as other products with coloring substances, will be eliminated .
• For seventy-two hours should stop taking antibiotics and enzymes.
• The diet should include cereal cereals, fruits, sour-milk products, vegetables. It is not necessary to overeat.
• It is necessary to limit sharp, smoked, marinated, fatty foods.
• During the monthly coprogram does not give up.
• Collection of stool should be arranged so that the material does not get urine.
• Evacuation of stool for collection should be natural, without the use of enemas and stimulants.

Collection of stool for research

• Before collecting the material, you need to empty the bladder, thoroughly wash the anal area and genitals with warm water and neutral soap without flavoring. After this, wash the above areas with boiled water again.
• In a clean container with a wide neck with a spatula (included in the kit of containers for feces) will need to collect pieces of stool.
• After collecting the material, the container is tightly closed and signed, indicating the patient's name and date of collection.

It is not recommended to use food cans and wooden boxes as containers. The approximate amount of collected feces should be equal to fifteen to twenty grams.

Collect the material in the morning and deliver it to the laboratory as quickly as possible (the accuracy of the data depends on this).

If necessary, the filled container can be stored in the refrigerator for no more than eight hours (temperature not exceeding five degrees).

Stool examination is carried out for two to three days, sometimes it takes a little longer (5-6 days) to respond.

Collection of material from infants

In infants, feces are collected with an oilcloth or diaper (in the case of a stool).

In the presence of constipation, stool stimulation is performed with the help of a stomach massage, sometimes putting a gas pipe.

Hands before collecting material must be washed.

Collecting material from diapers is undesirable.

Fecal obstetrics: decoding in older children and adults (study procedure)

Initially, the macroscopy of stool masses is carried out, while evaluating:

• Appearance of feces.
• Its density.
• Shade (normal or pathological).
• Smell.
• Presence of blood, undigested food, mucus, pus.
• The presence of helminths.
• The presence of pancreatic or gallstones.

After that, microscopy of the feces is performed, which makes it possible to evaluate the function of digesting food.

Koprogram of feces (decoding in children): table

Colour

The color of the feces is normally brown (various shades) due to the presence of stercobilin in it. The shades of feces depend on nutrition and medications taken. So, the vegetable diet can give the feces a greenish tint, coffee and blueberries - black, dairy products - light yellow, beets - red, and antibiotics - golden.

In some pathologies, the color of feces also changes:

• Red-brown feces - bleeding from the lower parts of the intestine.
• Black - bleeding with ulcers of the duodenum or stomach.
• Green - the presence of enteritis, dysbiosis.
• White-gray feces - diseases of the biliary tract, liver.

When deciphering the fecal pattern of feces in children (see photo below) that there are on the breast (natural) feeding yellow, green-yellow, golden-yellow color of feces is determined. In artificial animals feces can be light brown or pale yellow.

In children up to six months with feces, bilirubin may be excreted, giving a feces a greenish color. That is, if, in addition to the green stool, there are no other symptoms, then this state of treatment does not require.

Microscopy

The presence of protein indicates inflammation in the organs of the digestive tract, polyps, ulcers and neoplasms. In a normal coprogram, the protein is absent.

Blood appears in the stool due to bleeding, which can be caused by helminths, tumors, ulcers, polyps. Changed blood indicates bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and unchanged - from the lower ones.

An increase in the level of sterbilin appears in the feces with hemolytic anemia. Reduction of this indicator is a sign of blockage of the bile ducts.

The appearance of bilirubin indicates a dysbacteriosis and acute inflammatory processes.

The presence of mucus is a sign of intestinal infections (dysentery, salmonellosis, colitis). However, it is worth taking into account the age of the child, as with the coprogram of stool (decoding in children), mucus may be a variant of the norm (children up to a year).

The presence of pathological flora is a sign of dysbiosis.

In the coprogram of feces (when deciphering in children) detritus, if its amount is below the age-appropriate rate, can indicate violations in the digestive process.

The presence of a large number of neutral fats - a violation of excretion or absorption of bile.

Unchanged muscle fibers - pancreatic pathologies.

Presence of grains of starch - malabsorption syndrome, chronic pancreatitis.

Soaps (which should normally be a small number) - the problems of the duodenum, pancreatitis, gallstones.

In the coprogram of stool (decoding in children), leukocytes in large numbers indicate the presence of inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract.

Fatty acid. Normally not determined. If they are present in the feces, it is worthwhile to suspect the inadequacy of enzymes, the acceleration of intestinal activity and the violation of the outflow of bile.

Vegetable fiber. If the fibers are insoluble (for example, the skin of vegetables and so on) is a variant of the norm, if there are soluble fibers in the stool, this indicates a lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Connectively woven fibers are normally absent. Their appearance is a sign of an anatomic gastritis, pancreatitis.

The increased content of ammonia in the stool is a sign of inflammation of the intestine.

Presence of pathogenic bacteria - intestinal diseases and dysbiosis.

The pH of the fecal masses can be different (weakly acidic, slightly alkaline, neutral). This indicator depends on human nutrition.

Features of the results

When the feces are coprogrammed (decoding in children under 1 year old and infants) the basic data of the coprological study are similar to the data of an adult person, however there are some features in the child coprogram.

In children under the age of the presence of leukocytes in feces can be observed even in absolutely healthy kids. If the child normally gaining weight, parents do not complain, then the presence of leukocytes (as well as mucus) is one of the norm variants.

In the majority of children, feces have a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction (pH from 6 to 7.6). However, it is worth remembering that the feces of babies are more often sour, depending on the nature of the diet.

If deciphering a coprogram of feces in children, the feces have an alkaline reaction, in this case it is worthwhile to suspect imperfect absorption or development of putrefactive processes in the intestine.

For children under three months of age who are breastfeeding, the bilirubin present in the stool is a variant of the norm. When deciphering the coprogram of stool in older children, only sterocilin should be present.