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"Fathers and children": the meaning of the work of Turgenev. The problems of the novel "Fathers and Sons"

Classical art is so called, that the value of each work, entering its fund, is checked by time. Shakespeare's tragedies, Da Vinci's paintings, Schnittke's music, Rodin's sculptures can be listed for a long time, for the list of achievements of mankind created during its existence and development is really long and saturated. And representatives of Russian culture can be proud of the fact that their great compatriot, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, occupies one of the first places of honor among the recognized authors of the world and Russian classical literature.

The creator of the Russian novel

Yes exactly. Of course, even before Turgenev, there were many talented novelists in Russian literature. "Encyclopedia of Russian life" in poetry written by Pushkin, the psychological portrait of the whole generation, created by Lermontov in his "Hero ...", and many other wonderful works gave food to the mind and heart of the Russian people, educated, developed, explained, promoted the formation of spiritually mature personalities, Patriots of their homeland. But it was Turgenev who brought out the Russian novel to the expanses of world literature, introduced foreign readers to the uniqueness of our culture, way of life, and history. Shortness, unusual expressiveness of the language, tension of the plot, reflection of the most important socio-political moments in the life of society, ideological struggle typical for Russian reality, profound psychologism and amazing skill of the true artist-these are the distinguishing features of Turgenev the novelist and his best creations. Thanks to Ivan Sergeevich, the foreign public and critics learned about this amazing phenomenon - "Russian literature", "Russian novel". The most important and beloved child of the author was "Fathers and children." The meaning of the work reflected not only the complexity of family, social, civil and in general human relations, but also Turgenev's point of view on these issues.

Why fathers and children

The author's position in the novel is not indicated directly. But it is fairly easy to determine if you carefully look at the composition of the work, analyze the language of the characters, the system of images, and reveal the role of individual elements, for example, the landscape, in the novel. By the way, this is exactly what Fathers and Sons are very interested in. The meaning of the work is already laid down in the title, and the main artistic method of opposing, or antitheses, is traced throughout the novel.

So why fathers and why children? Because the family is a small cut from the whole society, and in it, as in a mirror, reflects those complex, sometimes dramatic collisions that shake and fever the public consciousness. At the time of the birth of the plan and the writing of the novel itself, life, according to the critic Belinsky, "ran into the depth and breadth" in a huge number of its elements. This variety of forms and allow us to see and understand "Fathers and children." The meaning of the work is revealed in the conflict between generations, in views on politics, religion, science, art, public order and the world order. No less bright and class conflict, exacerbated by the rigid opposition of social forces and problems. An attentive reader, moving from chapter to chapter, understands metaphorically the title "Fathers and Sons" more clearly. The meaning of the work is not only to show the continuity and demarcation of generations (the universal aspect), but also to disclose the opposition of established views and opinions and new, coming to replace the old.

Family thought

Let's analyze first the "family idea" in the novel. It is worth noting that the theme of the family in general is characteristic of Turgenev. All his independent life the writer lived "on the edge of someone else's nest", and his mother had a rather complicated relationship. Because, probably, so dear Ivan Sergeyevich warmed the hearth, the harmony of the relationship between the elders and younger generations. The work "Fathers and Sons" asserts those eternal values, without which, in essence, progress can not move forward. This is illustrated by the example of the Kirsanov family. Arkady, a representative of the young and advanced generation, though under the influence of Bazarov, is still closely connected with his relatives. Even on arrival in the fatherlands he exclaims that here and the air is sweeter and more expensive and closer than in the capital. While making an excursion into the past of his heroes, Turgenev says that Kirsanov's father constantly tried to get closer to his son, share his interests, live by what Arkady lives, got acquainted with his friends, tried to understand the new generation coming to replace his peers. The work "Fathers and Sons", as already mentioned, is an antithesis novel. But, although Bazarov is an ardent opponent of the whole past, "fathers" including, although outwardly rude with his father and mother and openly ridicules and despises "the old Kirsanovs," the feeling of kinship is not alien to him. Thus, family traditions and ties are sacred to Turgenev. Welcoming the new time, the writer believes that it is impossible to completely erase the achievements of past epochs, including the continuity of generations.

New and Old

The meaning of the novel "Fathers and Sons" is wider and deeper than the question above. Yes, indeed, the younger generation, with its characteristic maximalism, often considers itself smarter, more progressive, more talented, more capable of significant deeds and more useful for the country than those whose age is approaching the sunset. Alas, but by and large it is so. And Nikolai Petrovich, and Pyotr Petrovich Kirsanov, educated and thinking people in modern times, still lagged behind the uncontrollably moving century. New scientific ideas, technical achievements, political ideas are difficult for them to understand and difficult to accept in their daily life. But does this mean that the past should be destroyed without a trace, abandoned, abandoned, "cleared", as expressed by Bazarov? And what then to build on a new place, on empty? Nihilist Eugene can not draw a detailed picture - apparently he does not know himself, does not represent it to himself. And the author himself rightly saw the meaning of the novel "Fathers and Sons" not only in criticizing the ugliness of Russian reality, the rotten system of social, and often human relations, but also proving that it is impossible to completely reject the past. Human civilizations succeeded each other, and each was based on the achievements of the previous one.

The ideological and aesthetic intent of the novel

What else is the novel "Fathers and Sons"? The work of Turgenev was written in 3 stages. The first is dated 1860-1861, when the main text was created, the plot and figurative system was formed. The second refers to the autumn of 1861 - the beginning of the winter of 1862. At this time, the writer actively revises the text, introduces narrative and compositional amendments, expands the range of problems covered in accordance with the political changes in the country. And, finally, in the period from February to September 1862, the final edits and the first edition in the "Russian Herald" of the work "Fathers and Sons." The problems of the novel are a vivid picture of the rise in the movement of the raznochintsy, the revolutionary democrats; Showing a new, just-begotten type of social activist-nihilist, questioning all the foundations of the Russian state. On 238 sheets of Turgenev's handy cover, the story of the life of the rebel Bazarov, the criticism of the immorality of nihilism, the conflict between conservative liberals and revolutionary-minded progressists, the disclosure of philosophical, spiritual, religious, ethical and aesthetic, moral and moral conflicts fit together.

What did the author want to say and what did he have to say?

Understand what the meaning of the novel "Fathers and Sons" can not, without revealing the image of the protagonist - nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov. The author himself noted that he saw a strong figure, spiteful, wild and indomitable, honest, out of the people, but doomed to death, for the time of the bazaars had not yet come. He admitted that he does not know whether he loves or hates the image he created. After all, the writer aspired first of all to the nobility as a once advanced, and now an obsolete, conservative class, hampering the country's economic and political development. But Bazarov came to the fore, and it was precisely about this hero that the polemics unfolded in domestic criticism. Some considered the main character to be an evil caricature, a pamphlet on the younger generation. Others, picking up the Turgenev word "nihilist," began to call them all the excesses, political unrest, produced by the students. And the name of Bazarov became synonymous with one of the names of the devil - Asmodeus. Still others, having seized revolutionary ideas, built Eugene Vasilyevich into the rank of his spiritual leader. Turgenev did not share the ideas of either, nor the second, nor the third. This was one of the reasons for the ideological split between the writer and the employees of Sovremennik.

The victory of life over ideology

Yes, Ivan Sergeevich, with all sincere sympathy for the nobility and compassion for Bazarov, condemned both, and others. In the novel, he proved that life is more complex and diverse than all ideologies, political disputes, and it can not be placed in any Procrustean bed. Nature, love, sincere affection, the reviving and ennobling force of art, patriotism will defeat any "passionate, sinful, rebellious heart." And, to this day, the fate of the heroes of the work interests and excites us, gives rise to arguments, encourages us to try to understand as deeply as possible and teach everyone to be a Man. And this is the main feature of the great classical works.

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