Expenditures and incomes of the federal budget: structure and sources

The quality and effectiveness of fiscal policy in any country is ultimately determined by the structure of the budget. The budgetary system of such a complex federation as Russia, is also a complex hierarchical entity. In it, the expenditures and revenues of the federal budget and other budgets are distributed according to the levels and have different sources of their formation.

In this three-story model, the federal budget is the highest level and is regulated by federal legislation. The main normative document, which regulates the budgetary relations and the budget process in the country, is the Budget Code (BC) of the Russian Federation. The aggregate of all budgets forms a consolidated budget. This category - "consolidated" - is not normatively established or actually implemented. It serves to generate information and representations about all budgets for a subsequent analytical study in order to adopt the most appropriate budget as a legislative act. Within the framework of this theoretical tool, federal budget expenditures and revenues serve as a practical guide for the qualitative planning of use articles and the replenishment of budget resources.

Under the revenues of the federal budget, all without exception, the monetary resources that come under the management of the institutions of power of the Russian Federation.

In the budgetary process, the formation of federal budget revenues, the identification and clarification of the sources of its replenishment, the improvement of the structure.

In the broadest sense, the sources of budget formation are taxes, as well as non-tax revenues and transfers established by law. In addition, to the income of the current budget, the residual funds of the budget of the previous period are added.

The content and structure of federal budget revenues are determined by Article 49 of the Budget Code, and they are listed as follows:

- taxes and fees, set for the federal level and operating throughout the territory of the Russian Federation. They are approved on the basis of relevant standards and are valid for a period of at least 3 years;

- customs fees, duties and other charges associated with customs operations;

- state duties levied in accordance with the legislation in force for the commission of actions for which they are established.

Non-tax revenues to the federal budget are derived from income from:

- use of state property;

- sale and lease of this property;

- proceeds from sales of state stocks and intangible assets;

- land sales;

- transfers, fines, sanctions, payments to offset reimbursement of damages, federal fees;

- conducting foreign economic activity.

Under the terms of enrollment, federal budget expenditures and revenues are divided into own and regulatory. The first ones are those that are defined and stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation. They act constantly. For example, such incomes are classified as tax and non-tax character. Regulators include those whose value is strictly fixed for each year.

Execution of the budget by income is the most important parameter of the effectiveness of the budget process. Since the federal budget expenditures and incomes are closely interrelated, it should be understood that if the revenues are formed in the required amount, then the expenses will not be able to cover all the necessary programs that are planned for financing for this budget period.

Assessment of the financial state of the state is directly dependent on the adjusted ratio of income and expenditure. When these indicators are equal, the budget balance is fixed. If you exceed the income, a budget surplus arises , and accordingly, on the contrary, if you exceed the expenditures over incomes, there is a deficit.