Examples of professionalism in the literature and conversation. Words-professionalism in various fields of activity

Each profession has its own specific not only in the field of activity, but also in the vocabulary. Terms, the names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only by specialists. Progress marches the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today in the field of electronics there are almost 60 thousand items, and in the well-known dictionary of Ozhegov they are 3 thousand fewer. Otherwise, as a terminological explosion, this is not called.

Professionalism in Russian: place and meaning

First of all, let us give a definition of this phenomenon. Industrial vocabulary is an autonomous language system, which is a collection of all scientific and technical concepts and titles. It has the most developed information function.

Special vocabulary also penetrates into the literary language, which is absolutely inevitable, since narrowly specialized words may well become common for objective reasons. This includes the popularization of scientific knowledge, and raising the level of people's culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows what is the apogee and perigee, nobody is surprised by the expression "soft landing" or science selenology.

Literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-building basis, so the reverse cycle can occur: a well-known notion gets a new meaning having a narrow specialization.

Communication of specialists, various scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalism that have their own classification.

Linguistic concepts of special vocabulary

First of all, this is the term (from Latin - "border"). This is the name of a word or phrase (in a different way - a linguistic sign), which corresponds to a special concept. It is the terms that enter the overwhelming majority of neologisms that have appeared recently. An example is the professionalism in medicine.

Terminosystem: its components are, in fact, all the same linguistic signs, but they have already evolved from functioning as isolated (single) definitions before joining in an integral scientific theory.

Nomen (with the Latin "family name"). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us the device and say that this is an oscilloscope, we will always represent it exactly as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical fluctuations.

The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They were especially spread in colloquial speech, since most of them are unofficial synonyms of scientific concepts. Examples of professionalism can be found in explanatory dictionaries, in newspaper journals, and in literary works, they often perform an expressively expressive function in these texts.

Classification of occurrence

There are three ways of forming special words:

- Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, anglers from the verb "skerit" (gutted fish) formed the name of the profession - "shakershik."

- Lexical and semantic. The emergence of professionalism by rethinking the already well-known word, that is, the appearance of a new meaning in it. For printers, the cap is not a headpiece, but a heading combining several publications. A pipe for a hunter stands for nothing but the tail of a fox.

- Lexical and word-building. Examples of professionalism that have arisen in this way, it is easy to determine, because for this use suffixes or addition of words. Everyone knows what a reserve (backup mechanism or part of something) or glavred is the editor in chief.

Features of speech and special words

Despite the seeming limitation in use, professionalism is found in all styles of the Russian language. The dryness of the official business style will not surprise anyone, that's why the professionalism in it has a simple function of conveying the meaning of the statement.

As for the scientific speech, here professionalism is used for several reasons:

- for better mastering of information through the imagery of special vocabulary;

- make it possible to quickly memorize the text due to the capacity of concepts;

- avoid tautology, putting on the place of terms examples of professionalism.

For publicistic and artistic styles, the use of special words occurs with the same functions:

- information;

- communicative (not only communication hero-hero, but also reader-author);

- Saving of speech efforts - professionalism always explains the shortest term;

- cognitive, forming cognitive interest.

Where do special words come from?

The main source of professionalism, above all, is the native Russian words, which have undergone a semantic rethinking. They appear from the common vocabulary: thus, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial vocabulary of the vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - a killing, and the jargon suggested that the driver should be called "kimarit". Even the local dialects shared a definition for a big road - a big road.

Another source of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of them are professionalisms - examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, a solid Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing press with a form called a cliche, from which we only have the designation of a drawing made by it.

Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be allocated. Both require certain names to be grouped into thematic groups.

On lexical-thematic groups

Professional names contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the attitude of the speaker to the subject. From this point of view they are objective (as a rule, they are nomenclature) and subjective:

- Expressing a negative or irony to the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.

- Relationship directly to the name. This is how the bomber became a bomber in aviation.

- Even the quality of work can indicate professionalism. Examples of words in the construction of brickwork say: padding (a little solution) or zavalinka (uneven wall).

All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they that are crushing reality with the help of words.

On lexical and semantic groups

Professional words are combined not only by the presence of an emotional assessment of the subject or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. It concerns semantic relations: synonymity, homonymy, polysemy, metaphoricality. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:

- Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening an explanatory dictionary. Professionalism of this order in the Russian language is very much: the mine - large inter-column spaces on the newspaper page.

- Terminological synonyms. In different spheres, professionalism means the same thing. For example, in motorists, builders and machine builders scrap is called "pencil".

- Many-valued words. The word "Lada", in addition to the well-known meaning of the car as a trademark, has an indication of a certain camshaft in engineering.

And finally about the jargon

Each profession has a number of words, phrases, expressions that contain very vivid expression. This is usually an informal synonym for certain terms. They are used exclusively in oral speech when communicating with specialists and are called "professional jargon".

The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to a person outside the sphere of activity. Many professional programmers have a touch of jargon: a teapot, a dog or a crib. They are more like argo - a social dialect, spread in a narrow professional or even antisocial environment. The function of this language is conspiratorial, it is only for "our own".

Conclusion

All that concerns professional vocabulary, jargon and even argo, it is necessary to constantly study, as this is a fairly large lexical layer, which can not be ignored, as it reflects the historical processes and development of society.