Design of public buildings and structures - norms and rules. Purpose of the building. List of premises

Public buildings are included in the service sector. They are used for educational, educational, medical, cultural and other activities. All these processes require certain conditions. ) является ключевым нормативным актом, содержащим предписания, которым должны соответствовать объекты. The Urban Development Code of the Russian Federation (the last wording ) is a key normative act, containing the requirements to which facilities should correspond. The provisions of the various sets of rules are concretized. As one of them stands JV 118.13330.2012 "Public buildings and structures." . This document was put into effect on January 1, 2013. The Act establishes standards for the design of public buildings . Consider in the article some general principles of drawing up an object plan.

Relevance of the issue

– особая сфера деятельности. Designing residential and public buildings is a special area of activity. Effective functioning of the internal environment of the facility is provided due to spatial organization and implementation of special measures aimed at protecting a person from the adverse influence of external factors. As the primary quality of the structure is the correspondence of their activities to be carried out in it. Functional characteristics are diverse. They reflect not only the complexity and diversity of human needs, but also the scientific and technological level, features of the terrain. определяет ключевые архитектурные параметры. The purpose of the building determines the key architectural parameters. In this case, the idea of the object's correspondence to the purposes for which it is used is constantly changing over time. The appearance of new types of structures ensures the emergence of structures and materials. They, in turn, promote the introduction of new architectural ensembles into practice. This dialectical unity is the most important condition for the progressive development of the construction sector. The artistic and functional tasks of architecture are embodied in concrete forms. They provide strength, durability, reliability of objects and their parts. определяет конструктивные его особенности. The purpose of the building determines its structural features. The internal arrangement of the facility should allow the planned activity to be carried out without any difficulties.

Design of public buildings

It is a complex, multi-level creative process. осуществляется на основании государственных норм. Design of public buildings is carried out on the basis of state standards. The master plan of the facility includes a comprehensive solution of various engineering and architectural issues:

1. Social and personal services staff.
2. Rational placement of the facility, its elements, engineering communications on the site, allocated for this. ), технологических требований, а также взаимного высотного расположения. At the same time, planning is carried out taking into account the requirements, which contains the Urban Development Code of the Russian Federation (the latest version ), technological requirements, and also mutual high-altitude location.
3. Landscaping of the adjacent territory.
4. Transport, economic, engineering support.
5. Protection of the territory.

Blueprints

включает в себя составление различных схем: The design of public buildings includes the compilation of various schemes:

1. Situation plan. It is compiled on a scale of 1:10 000 (or to 25 000).
2. The layout plan (location of structures on the ground). For him, the scale is 1: 500, 1: 2000, 1: 1000.

The latter includes plans:

1. Relief organizations.
2. Earth masses.
3. Engineering networks (summary scheme).
4. Landscaping.

The development of drawings is carried out in the minimum required volume. The level of their detail reflects the technical decisions taken, corresponds to a specific design stage.

Situation diagram

It reflects the state of the territories that are adjacent to the area planned for the construction, as well as its change, related to the conduct of preparatory activities on the ground. The situational scheme determines the rational location, transport, external engineering, economic, production ties of the enterprise with other facilities, including auxiliary ones, as well as the areas of personnel resettlement, the road network, and the boundaries of the SPZ. The plan reflects the permissible territorial development of the structure for the future. It contains information about the intended use of the territories adjacent to the site.

Key principles

When preparing master plans, it is necessary to reflect:

1. Zoning.
2. Differentiation of freight transport and human flows.
3. Blocking.
4. Placement of facilities designed to serve employees.
5. Ensuring the order of construction and future development of the territory.
6. Unification of parameters and modularity of building and planning components.
7. Entrances and entrances to the object.
8. Types of construction and techniques for the formation of architectural composition.
9. Passages and highways.

Space-planning solutions

The organizational scheme of the object is determined by placement and mutual communication:

• Planning core;
• Structural units vertically and horizontally.

The first is called the main in its functions and dimensions room (one or more). The structural unit is a block of interconnected areas that perform a structuring role in the formation of the composition of the object. Such elements include:

1. Input groups. Among them there are dressing rooms, vestibules, vestibules.
2. Groups of main premises. They are audiences, halls, etc.
3. Groups of auxiliary and subsidiary areas, bathrooms.

, формирующие структурные узлы, обеспечивают вход людей из внешнего пространства, подготовку внутренней среды объекта для реализации основных функций, выполнение вспомогательной и главной задач, перемещение посетителей и персонала. Premises of public buildings , forming structural units, provide access of people from outside space, preparation of the internal environment of the facility for the implementation of basic functions, the implementation of auxiliary and primary tasks, the movement of visitors and staff.

Entry group

It includes various elements. In accordance with the purpose of the building, the evacuation and loading system, the following are created:

1. Combined outputs and inputs. This planning solution is considered the most common.
2. Disconnected outputs and inputs. Such elements are arranged in museums, shops and so on.
3. Separate exits and entrances for women and men. This solution is used in sports complexes, bathhouses, etc.

Characteristics of elements

The entrance group is considered an obligatory part for many public buildings. It includes ancillary areas, an entrance hall, vestibules, a wardrobe. The latter is designed for storing clothes. It is located near the entrance, but at a small distance from the way people move. , лестницы, залы и пр. Он считается органической частью вестибюля, который, в свою очередь, может быть одно- или двухуровневым. The main elements with which the wardrobe is connected are a cargo elevator , stairs, halls, etc. It is considered an organic part of the lobby, which in turn can be one- or two-level. The common space should be free to accommodate the required number of people. In this regard, regardless of the structural structure of the object, the lobby is planned to be a skeleton. , эскалаторы, лестницы и пр. Тамбуром является пространство между внутренней и наружной дверьми. At the same time, the cargo elevator , escalators, stairs, etc. should be conveniently connected with it. A tambour is the space between the inner and outer doors. They can also be an extension to the construction of a small size. It provides protection against precipitation, temperature extremes, etc. When designing tambours, one should take into account the free movement of people. In this regard, their depth is not less than one and a half times the width of one door leaf.

Ceiling height: standard

The distance from the floor to the upper ceiling is determined by SNIP. It depends on the purpose of the building, the volume of the human flow. The main parameters are as follows:

1. In public buildings, living rooms of sanatoriums, the distance from the floor to the top overlap is not less than 3 m. Separate rules apply to objects with living spaces of another type.
2. In the bath-improving complexes, designed for 100 people. And more, the distance to the upper floor from the floor is not less than 3.3 m.
3. The height of the ceilings in dry cleaners and laundries is 3.6 and more meters.

In some auxiliary rooms and corridors, in accordance with technological requirements and space-planning solutions, a shorter distance is allowed. However, the height of the ceiling should not be less than 1.9 m. If the functional and technical rules are observed, the distance to the upper floor of the attic floors may be lowered under an inclined top overlap. In this case, the area of such a site can not be more than 40% of the S of the entire room. At the lowest part of the inclined plane, the height is not less than 1.2 m, if the slope is 30 degrees, if 45 is 0.8 meters, 60 degrees is unlimited. In office and other administrative rooms, the distance to the top overlap is not less than 3 m. Meanwhile, some exceptions allow for the norms. They can be small offices that are not located in administrative buildings. The distance to the upper ceiling in them is allowed to be installed according to the parameters provided for other types of buildings (residential, in particular).

Additionally

Special attention should be paid to the technical floor. The distance to the upper ceiling is set individually in each case. Various factors are taken into account. The technical floor is the space in which engineering networks, auxiliary equipment and other technical facilities are located. When determining the necessary distance from the floor to the top, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of their installation, as well as the operating conditions. The height of the ceiling in the areas of movement of servicing workers to the lower elements of the projecting parts should be not less than 1.8 m. If space is planned to be used exclusively for placing engineering communications in the form of pipelines or for their insulation from non-combustible materials, the minimum distance to the upper ceiling is 1.6 M.

Conclusion

Public buildings perform different functions. Among them:

1. Formation of conditions for interaction of people, service of the population.
2. Providing occasional, regular, daily needs of citizens. In particular, talk about leisure activities, spiritual development, cultural enlightenment, education, etc.

The functional structure of buildings includes three components: recreation and recreation, production and household. Any space inside the facility should fully meet the objectives of the activities that it carries out.