Components and preparations of blood

Medicines that are obtained directly from the blood itself are called blood products. The obtained fractions allow to considerably expand the hemotherapeutic limits, and, most importantly, allow the use of specific components of blood and plasma that have a purposeful effect. Blood preparations are divided into three groups: complex action, immunoglobulins (immunologically active) and hemostatic.

Preparations of complex action. Plasma

Compounds of complex action include blood plasma and albumin. The effect of them is the simultaneous anti-shock and hemodynamic action. Freshly frozen plasma completely preserves all functions, therefore its application is most expedient. There are other types of plasma: dry (lyophilized) and liquid (native). In the manufacturing process, they significantly lose their healing properties, so their use is not so effective. Freshly frozen is obtained by plasmapheresis or by centrifugation of whole blood, the frost takes place from the moment of blood collection from the donor in the first 1-2 hours. Fresh frozen blood products can be stored for up to one year at temperatures from 1 to 25 degrees and below. During this period, all plasma clotting factors, fibrinolysis components, anticoagulants are preserved.

Preparing for a plasma transfusion

The preparation of blood is fresh frozen plasma. Before starting the transfusion, it is necessary to prepare the drug. Plasma is thawed in warm water, the temperature of which is not more than 37-38 degrees. A plastic bag with a biomaterial can be stretched with your hands to speed up the process. In accordance with the attached instructions, thawed plasma must be poured in the next hour. After preparation, fibrin flakes may appear in it, but this does not prevent it from being poured through plastic standard systems that are equipped with filters.

It is impossible to transfuse plasma if massive clots are found in it, significant turbidity is evidence that the preparation is of poor quality. Do not re-freeze and thaw the freshly frozen plasma.

The drug from human blood should not be poured from one bag to several patients. Also, do not leave the plasma for the subsequent procedure after the plastic bag has been depressurized. If the patient is sensibilized to parenteral actions for the introduction of protein, it is contraindicated to transfuse freshly frozen blood plasma. To avoid pathological reactions, biological samples are taken, as well as when whole blood is transfused.

Transfusion

Freshly frozen plasma, which is poured to the patient, should be taken from a person with the same blood group as the patient, according to the ABO system. In emergency cases, if there is no single-group plasma, the following combinations are allowed:

• Plasma: group A (II) - patient: blood group 0 (I)
• Plasma: group B (III) - patient: blood group 0 (I)
• Plasma: group AB (IV) - patient: any group of blood.

Tests for group compatibility are not carried out. Blood preparations (plasma transfusions) are shown when:

• Thrombohemorrhagic syndromes,
• Burn diseases,
• Purulent-septic processes,
• Hemorrhagic diathesis: including haemophilia of types A and B,
• Syndromes of prolonged compression,
• With massive blood loss (over 25%), plasma is transfused with the erythrocyte mass.

Freshly frozen plasma is also used for the treatment of patients with recurrent thrombosis of blood vessels, more often with the use of streptokinase or other fibrinolytic drugs.

Albumen

Such blood products, such as albumin, are available in the form of solutions with a concentration of 5, 10 and 20%. Protein is also used along with purified albumin, while it contains alpha and beta globulins. The solution of albumin after the introduction of stabilizers in it is able to withstand pasteurization. And this helps inactivate the viruses of HIV infection and hepatitis. Albumin is used for various types of shock - surgical, traumatic, burn. Introduce it with edema, which are caused by impaired protein composition of the blood, with a large loss of albumin in the liver (ascites, cirrhosis, burns). Albumin in concentrated solutions is used when it is necessary to limit the volume of fluid introduced into the body (with heart failure, edema of the brain).

5% concentration of the blood preparation (albumin) is used for blood loss, when the normalization of blood pressure is required. With the introduction of albumin with significant blood loss, it must be combined with the transfusion of erythrocyte masses. In pediatric practice, albumin is most commonly used as a 10% solution.

Immunoglobulin

Drugs of blood - immunoglobulins - constitute a large group of immunological drugs. They are actively working against infectious diseases. In clinical practice, gamma globulin is most commonly used. Specific drugs have high therapeutic effects, they are directed against tetanus, tick-borne encephalitis, influenza and other infectious diseases.

Highly sensitive immunoglobulin is used in the therapy of thrombocytopenic idiopathic purpura. Drugs of this group are administered intramuscularly. A greater effect is produced by purified immunoglobulins, which are administered intravenously. This is due to the fact that the protein immediately enters the bloodstream and does not go through the stage of cleavage by tissue proteases.

Hemostatic drugs for blood diseases

Hemostatic drugs are fibrinogen, a prothrombotic complex, cryoprecipitate. The latter contains a large amount of antihemophilic globulin (otherwise - VIII-factor coagulation) and von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen and fibrin-stabilizing XIII-factor, as well as other protein impurities. These drugs for blood treatment are available in plastic bags, vials in dried or frozen form. They are used for diseases of von Willebrand, haemophilia A and other types of bleeding.

What blood products are used for hemorrhagic disease in newborns, hemophilia B, an overdose of anticoagulants? In these cases, a prothrombosed complex (CSF or PPSB) is used. In the case of its absence, a freshly frozen plasma is introduced.

Fibrinogen has a limited scope, it is used only for bleeding caused by a deficiency of fibrinogen. In cases of hypofibrinogenemia, which is caused by a thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, replacement of a colorless protein is made with freshly frozen plasma. Purified fibrinogen is not balanced with natural coagulants and can be coagulated in the bloodstream, and this can exacerbate renal and pulmonary insufficiency. To make up for the deficiency of this component, it is better to use plasma.

Hemostatic agents used topically

Thus, blood products are injected mainly intravenously, although there is a group of haemostatic agents that are applied topically - when external bleeding stops, which may occur during surgery. Such means include hemostatic sponge, fibrin film, thrombin, antiseptic biological tampon and others. Thrombin plays a fundamental role. It causes the formation of clots that thrombosed the lumens of blood vessels in places of bleeding. It is very effective to use haemostatic means for hemostasis when the surfaces of the parenchymal organs are damaged.

Fibrinous sponges and films due to their mechanical properties are used not only to stop bleeding. As a plastic material, they have found application in the treatment of trophic ulcers, burns. In neurosurgery, fibrin films are successfully used to replace the deficiency of the dura mater.

In addition to the above drugs, there are those that have stimulating and anti-anemic properties. These include biostimulant "Polybiolin" and "Erigem."

Diseases of blood vessels

The pathological conditions of the vessels arise in cases of loss of flexibility, when they become brittle or compacted due to the accumulation of slags in them. The following diseases occur: migraine, atherosclerosis, which can trigger a stroke, vegetative-vascular dystonia. At any age, with a loss of elasticity of the vessels and their blockage, the patient experiences the following symptoms:

• Impairment of memory and mental activity;
• sleep disturbance;
• Development of depression, deterioration of morale;
• Numbness of limbs;
• chronic fatigue;
• Frequent dizziness.

Also, the causes of improper operation of the vessels can be spinal injuries and cervical osteochondrosis. In this case, the vertebral artery that feeds the brain can be damaged. First you need to find and eliminate the cause, that is, treat the spine, and then already engage in blood vessels: medications only temporarily relieve painful symptoms.

Preparations for blood vessels

Drugs for the treatment of blood vessels of the heart and brain are different, it all depends on the principle of action. Each has its own range of purposes. The most popular group of drugs are drugs to improve cerebral circulation, vasodilation. They divide such medicines into three groups:

• Myotropic (relax smooth muscle) - this is "Dibazol", "Eufillin";
• Neurotropic (effect on nerve cells) - is "Reserpine", "Validol";
• Nitrates (a combination of the two principles of action) is "Nitrosorbite", "Nitroglycerin".

Depending on the effect and composition, several groups are distinguished:

• Calcium blockers. Calcium ions, which make the vessels more fragile, harder and cause constriction. Basically, these drugs to improve the cerebral circulation. With heart disease, they can not be used. Calcium blockers are classified into three generations. The first is based on three main components (nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem). The second generation includes drugs "Clentiazem", "Tiapamil", "Nimodipine". And the third is "Amlodipin", "Norvask". The advantages of the latter are that they have fewer side effects, act selectively and are prolonged.
• Medicines on a plant basis. The main advantage is a minimum of contraindications and side effects. Get rid of spasms. Improve blood flow.
• Preparations containing nicotinic acid , help to reduce cholesterol in the blood, minimize the risk of plaque formation. Ineffective in relation to large vessels, affect the small capillaries. These drugs should be taken only as prescribed by the doctor in complex therapy, as they have a bad effect on the liver (nicotinic acid, Enduratin).
• Heart drugs. Such drugs improve brain nutrition and simultaneously normalize the function of cardiac coronary vessels. Produced on the basis of lily of the valley, foxglove, gorizveta ("Amrinon", "Cardiolenum", "Adoniside").

Other drugs for the treatment of blood diseases

The drug from sugar in the blood is an important component of drug therapy as part of a package of activities that are conducted in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Not all people are able to maintain a normal blood glucose level, following a proper diet and doing physical exercises.

Those suffering from diabetes mellitus are forced to take prescribed medicines that reduce blood sugar. The doctor details the course of treatment and the correct dosage. Sugar reduction drugs are divided into three groups:

• Medicines that activate the production of insulin pancreas.
• Medicines that increase susceptibility to insulin.
• Medicines that reduce the absorption of carbohydrates.

The most popular drugs are the first group, which increases the production of insulin by the pancreas, which leads to a decrease in blood sugar levels. These include "Amarin", "Maninil", "Novonorm", "Diabetes". These medicines should be prescribed only by a doctor. Each organism is individual, people react differently. Some do not feel a therapeutic effect, blood sugar remains at the same level. In such cases, the doctor should review the treatment and prescribe other drugs or change the dosage.

Preparations of iron for blood. If there is a shortage of iron in the blood, the right amount of hemoglobin can not form, and this disrupts the process of transfer of oxygen from the lungs through the erythrocytes to all tissues. There comes an oxygen starvation. The consequence of this is anemia. Modern blood-improving drugs used to treat anemia, contain in their composition the necessary amount of iron, which is able to restore normal hematopoiesis. With the ingestion of food it is impossible to achieve such a rapid effect. The medicinal dose of iron exceeds the possible assimilation of the daily norm of ferrum by the body by 20 times. So attempts to replenish iron in a painful state only with the help of useful products will not yield the desired results. We need special drugs.

1. Means, which contain ferrous iron in the form of sulfate salts containing vitamins, which can improve the absorption and absorption of the desired substance. The most popular drugs:

• Tablets "Tardiferron", "Sorbifer durules";
• Capsules "Ferrofolgamma", "Ferretab", "Fenyuls";
• For children capsules, syrup, drops "Aktiferrin";
• Combination in a solution of iron, manganese and zinc gluconate - "Totem";
• Dragee "Hemofer";
• All known useful treat "Hematogen".

2. Medicines that contain trivalent iron. The peculiarity of such preparations is the use of iron in the form of polymalthosate hydroxide:

• Tablets "Ferrum Lek", "Maltofer", "Biofer";
• Syrup, solution, drops "Fenyuls", "Maltofer", "Ferlatum";
• Solutions for intramuscular administration "Ferrum Lek", "Maltofer", "Argeferr", "Venofer", "Cosmofer".

Injections are used if the patient has diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, lesions of small vessels, as well as injections are shown with large blood loss. With an intravenous route of administration, thrombophlebitis is possible.