"By whom?", "What?" - Which case answers these questions? Forms of the instrumental

Nouns in the Russian language are declining. In order not to be mistaken in writing unstressed endings in words, it is necessary to determine their case. To do this, we need to put the question to the noun. The spelling of the endings depends on the case in which the word stands. It is also necessary to be able to determine the type of declension and the number of the noun. For example, "by whom?", "What?" - Which case answers these questions? What endings will nouns have in this position?

How to determine the case of nouns

A person making mistakes in writing the endings of nouns can not be considered a cultural citizen of his country. And if someone asks: "By whom?", "What?" "What kind of case answers these questions?", It should be answered correctly, in particular, it may sound like this: naturally, it is a case of harmony! For example, in the sentence "Flowering plants are pollinated by insects and wind," in addition to the subject "plant," there are additions "insects" And the "wind." Let's ask questions to those words that fulfill the role of additions in the sentence: "by whom?", "With what?" Which case answers them, we have already found out - the instrumental. Now we only need to choose the desired option from the ending table. In more details all options Perspectives.

The endings of nouns 1 of the declension of the singular in the instrumental case are a hard option

The complexity of spelling in Russian is that there are declensions of nouns. In practice, determining the case of a noun is necessary in order to correctly write endings. To do this, parse the phrase on the members of the sentence. In the instrumental ending , nouns also differ. What kind of ending to write in an unstressed position depends on which declination they refer to, what kind they have and in what number they are used in this context. For example, for nouns 1 declension in the singular, the instrumental case of nouns has endings -oy, -ye, -y. As an example, you can use the sentence: "Children with a smile watching a funny monkey." In this case, the words "monkey" and "with a smile" you can ask questions "by whom?", "What?" Which case answers them? Everyone should know that the answer is - the instrumental. You also need to determine the declination of these nouns and the number. Since both words refer to 1 declension and stand in the singular, then the end of them should be -oy, since these words tend to be of the type of a solid variant.

Endings of nouns 1 declension of the singular in the instrumental case - soft variant

In the soft version, the ending -y or -e can be traced in this position. As examples, you can take suggestions "Tanya and aunts spent the winter caring for a wounded heron, and in the spring released it at will. And the bird flew above the ground, soared, gracefully waving its wings! "Here in the first sentence there are words" with aunt "," heron "ending in -y. And in the second sentence there is the word "earth" with the ending in the instrumental case-yay.

Endings of nouns 2 declensions of the singular in the instrumental case - a hard variant

In 2 declensions, nouns in the singular, standing in the instrumental case, endings have -ome, -em, -em. Considering the sentence "The guys were taking care of the rabbit with pleasure," it is easy to establish that the additions "with pleasure" and "rabbit" are used in the singular and refer to the 2 declination. They will help to understand that this is the instrumental case, the questions: "with what?" - with pleasure, "by whom?" - a rabbit. Consequently, the endings of these words will be-we, -th.

Endings of nouns 2 declensions of the singular in the instrumental case - soft variant

In the soft version, the ending -em and -em is traced in this position. As an example, the following sentence can be cited: "Valentin made a move horse, to which Marina in response, the queen" was eating "his rook." Here the words 2 declensions "horse" and "queen" stand in the instrumental case of the singular and end in -em. And in the example "The cranes flew over the field," the word "over the field" has the ending -em.

Endings of nouns 3 declensions of the singular in the instrumental case

In the 3 declension of nouns in the singular in the instrumental, the ending -yu is written. In the proposals "Natalia joyfully ran to the training. With her horse, the rider met as with the closest friend "the words" with a horse "and" with joy "refer to the 3 declination, stand in the singular. They answer the questions "by whom?", "What?". The instrumental case in which these nouns stand dictates the endings of these words -yu.

Endings of nouns in the plural in the instrumental case

Nouns in the instrumental, used in the plural, have endings -ami, -ami, -i. "You can watch lemurs for hours, wondering how cleverly they eat, taking neatly food with their paws, like people!" In this example, there are plural nouns that stand in the instrumental case "lemurs", "paws." Having determined the case and the number of these nouns, a literate person will necessarily write endings -i. Some nouns in this position write the ending -i. For example, in the sentence "Running horses can be admired indefinitely" such a word is "horses", which answers the question "by whom?"

Semantic roles of nouns in the instrumental case

The form of the instrumental can play a variety of roles in the sentence. For example, a noun can act as:

• Tool (cut with a knife, write with a pen, saw with a chainsaw);
• Means (dye eyelashes with mascara, brush your teeth with paste);
• Patients (command a platoon, conduct an orchestra);
• Agent (training is conducted by a doctor of sciences);
• Effector (the seedlings were beaten by hail, the wind blew off the hat);
• The reason (to be bored with boredom, sick with chickenpox);
• Trajectory (go by field, gulp with a throat);
• Time (early morning, late evening);
• Stimulus (admire the mind, smell of honey);
• Measure (to import meat by wagons);
• Aspect (differs agility, like complaisance);
• The reference standard (to jump young kozlikom, neigh the horse, look evil lemur).

Adjectives in the instrumental case

The sign of the noun standing in the instrumental, expressed by the adjective, will be used in the same case. That is, if the speaker says: "It is impossible to remain indifferent, not admiring the amazing roses growing behind the neighbor's fence," in this sentence the adjective "surprising", which is a sign of the word "roses", will also appear in the instrumental case, like the noun that it Determines. So it is with the adjective "for the neighbor", which will stand in the instrumental, as well as the word "fence", to which it refers.

Endings of adjectives in the instrumental case

In order not to make a mistake in writing the endings of adjectives, they should be asked questions. Adjectives will have the same endings, as with the questions asked to them.

1. For example, to adjectives of the feminine gender of the singular, you can ask the question "what?", Which means that they will end in the -th, -y. "A girly rose from the second floor". There is such a connection: a rose (what?) Luxurious. In the soft version, the option -y is used: "In early spring, the birch near the road is supposed to be covered with a lacy green shawl." It is necessary to raise the question "what?" To the adjective "early" from the word "spring".
2. To adjectives of masculine and neuter gender in the instrumental singular is asked the question "what?" The endings of them, respectively, will be -im or -ym. For example: "For a long time, Tatyana could not sleep for a long time ..." In this sentence, we need to consider the phrase "secret feeling", where the word "secret" is asked the question "what?", Therefore, the adjective has an ending, Tends to a hard option. And in a soft version, the adjective will end with -im, for example: "Late in the evening Nikolai returned home tired but happy." The noun "in the evening" is determined by the adjective "late" and answers the question "what?", Therefore ends in -im.
3. The adjectives of the plural in the instrumental case are asked the question "what?". Proceeding from the rule of spelling, the end of these adjectives will be the -th in a hard version or-them - in the soft. "The spectators of the failed actor saw off merry laughs." Here the phrase "cheerful laughs" demonstrates declination according to a firm variant. And as an example of declension in the soft version, you can use the sentence "She looked with her blue eyes right into his soul."

By the way, it should be noted and the fact that the same rule of spelling of the endings of adjectives is subject to the participle and some pronouns, numerals, having the form of an adjective.