The instrumental as a grammatical category.

In Russian, many words change by case. What is it? The case is a variable morphological sign of the parts of speech, connected with the change in the form of the word.

In the Russian language there are six cases, each of them has its own significance. To determine the case, for example, of nouns, we must ask the appropriate question. One of the cases, the fifth in this series, is called the instrumental.

Already the name of this case speaks about its meaning: an object, a tool or a tool that they create, do something - for example, cut with an ax, draw with a brush, and rain. Questions that are answered by the words in this case: "By whom?" In some cases, you can ask circumstantial questions. Another distinctive feature of the other is the instrumental case - endings: -th (-e), -ome (-em) -yu (singular), -ami, -ami (pl) for nouns, -th (S), -th (s) (singular), -th (pl) (plural) for adjectives and ordinal numerals.

The instrumental case has different meanings, for example:

- indicates the time in which the action is carried out or the state manifests itself: sunbathe in the daytime, harvest in autumn;

- indicates the instrument or tool, the instrument by which the action is performed: eat with a spoon, dig with a shovel;

- the mode and mode of action is important; Shows a qualitative, defining characteristic of the action: to run at a gallop, to sing with a bass, to stand with your back, to walk in small steps;

- the instrumental case can have the value of comparing the performance of an action with the quality of an object or image: pouring a wall, flying lightning;

- an indication of the place where the action takes place: to swim by the sea, to go forest;

- the instrumental case can have a value indicating the feature of the object: the crook of the house, the sponge with a bow;

- the value of a partial, limited area of any characteristic: satisfied with the result, known for achievements;

- indication of the trait, function, position: elected deputy, recognized as a means;

- a predicative feature for explaining the nominal part of the compound predicate: he got a job as a loader, became a programmer;

- a value that indicates the relationship of the object to the action: to convince the deed, to surprise by an act;

- the meaning of the mode of action and its way: to sing with a bass, go in small steps;

- an indication of the age of life: a child, she cried a lot;

- the instrumental case has a value that indicates the one who produces the action: the work is protected by a graduate student, the stone is broken by a window;

- the value of the quantity: count as fives.

Numbers also vary in case, but their decline depends on which group of that part of the speech they are: quantitative, ordinal or fractional.

The instrumental case of numerals has different variants, depending on their form: four, five, but five hundred and five hundred. There are two variants of declination of compound numerals: quantitative changes all the words that make up it, and in ordinal ones only the last one: six hundred fifty-two or six hundred and fifty-second.