Almanac is what? Almanac "Around the World". "Hunting Spaces" - almanac

In this article we will talk about one of the oldest publications ever created by mankind. Almanac is a literary long-liver, which has survived for many years a lot of changes, but has not lost its relevance and relevance.

Definition

Almanac is a serial edition, which continues from the number to the number of the collection, which has a literary, artistic or popular science theme. This term goes back to the Arabic "almana", which means "time, measure". In the 14th and 15th centuries the almanacs were calendar tables with the addition of astronomical ones.

From the journal this version of the printed publication is distinguished by the absence of regular periodicity - the almanac usually comes out either once a year, or does not have any definite release dates. It contains information about various social activities: information about literary innovations, scientific achievements, legislative changes and so on. Thus, in its subject area, almanacs are approaching the type of calendars-directories.

Almanac in the ancient world

Almanacs appeared a very long time ago. Even the ancient Romans distributed handwritten collections with the dates of religious holidays. The Egyptians in the course had stone tablets, which contained information on the motion of the planets. In Denmark and Norway in ancient times, wooden copper plates were produced, on which various memorable dates were indicated. In ancient times, the almanac was primarily a calendar and astrological reference book.

Almanac in Europe

In Europe, the first printed almanac appeared in Vienna in 1457. It could be used even by illiterate people, because it depicted weather and astronomical phenomena with the help of various symbols. Almanac contained information about the motion of planets, the date of full moons, forecasts of droughts, fires and famine. In 1474 a similar collection was published in Hungary, in Latin and German. Since the 16th century, the custom of releasing various almanacs in Europe has been firmly established. In addition to basic information, this edition included information on the mint, the movement of mail, court halls, markets and fairs. In order to attract the demand and interest of the highest nobility, the list of clergy, genealogy of roots and so on began to be published in the almanac. Such collections were called courtiers or royal. They are published first in France, then in Saxony and Prussia, later in England. Gradually, in addition to reference information, almanacs began to include poems, anecdotes, short stories. After the appearance of printed calendars, these collections acquired the character of book periodicals. There were economic, genealogical, religious, diplomatic almanacs.

Literary Almanac

Over time, this type of publication has become more interesting and informative. Currently, the almanac is a magazine containing various kinds of useful information, most of which is of current interest. Collections created according to the type of encyclopedia are published, in which every year actual information is published. Such almanacs are sometimes called yearbooks. The most famous reference book of this type is the "Almanac of the Old Moore", founded in 1970 by Moore Francis. However, the most popular, first in Western Europe, and then in other countries, began to use literary and artistic almanacs. They appeared in the middle of the 18th century in France. One of the first began to be issued in Paris (1746-1833) "L'Almanach des Muses". Almanac "Musenalmanach", published in Göttingen in 1770-1807, spread in Germany. Later appeared "Musen-Almanach", in which F. Schiller published his unpublished poems (1796-1800).

Almanac in Russia

The first almanac published in Russia is the collection "Anodes" by N. M. Karamzin, created in the late 18th century in imitation of Western publications. In the 1920s and 1830s, there were already more than twenty almanacs in Russia. AS Pushkin called "almanac" a special type of publishers. At different times the friends and enemies of the great poet published a whole series of literary collections. The almanac "Polar Star" (3 books, 1823-1825) was published by KF Ryleev and AA Bestuzhev with the participation of such well-known authors as VA Zhukovsky, AS Griboyedov, F.V. Bulgarin, IA Krylov, AS Pushkin, PA Vyazemsky, FN Glinka, VK Kukhelbecker, EA Baratynsky. The collection "Mnemosyne" (1824-1825 gg.) Withstood four editions, it was issued by VK Kukhelbecker and VF Odoevsky. Almanac "Northern Flowers" was published from 1824 to 1831 under the leadership of OM Somov and AA Delvig. Many years later, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Symbolists began to publish a literary collection of the same name. Updated "Northern Flowers" withstood five editions - in 1901-1904 and 1911.

Contemporary Almanac

In our days, almanacs are a collection that is interesting to a wide range of readers. He can have any topic interesting to readers. Writers tend to publish their works in arbitrarily created groups. An example is the legendary literary almanac "Metropol", released in 12 copies in 1979 in Moscow in a samizdat way. Bella Akhmadulina, Evgeny Rein, Andrei Voznesensky, Vladimir Vysotsky, Yury Kublanovsky, Heinrich Sapgir, Yuz Aleshkovsky, Yuri Kurabchievsky and other authors who are not allowed to the official press participated in the release of this uncensored collection. The rebellious writers were subjected to various kinds of persecutions in the USSR, one of the Metropole specimens was taken to the US and distributed there in a reprinted way, and Vasily Aksyonov told the story in his novel Say the Raisins.

Almanac "Islam in the modern world" is dedicated to religious and socio-political problems of Muslim countries, is issued in electronic form and on paper. The authors of this edition discuss the position of Islamic civilization from the political, economic and geographical points of view.

The best almanacs of Russia

"Hunting spaces" - almanac literary and artistic content, founded back in 1950. For many years it has withstood many accidents, ups and downs and is now one of the oldest hunting publications in Russia. Among its authors are well-known scientists and politicians, poets and writers, directors and actors, as well as people of various specialties. "Hunting spaces" - a long-liver, which has historical and literary value.

In recent times, almanacs have appeared not only in the form of printed collections, but also on television screens. For example, the "Around the World" almanac is a television program, which the State Television and Radio of the USSR issued as an appendix to the "Travelers Club" program. Kinoalmanah was broadcast on air from 1988 to 1990, and contained entertaining information about martial arts, travel, nature and art. The transfer was very popular.

Conclusion

Thus, the almanac is a form of publication that at all times remains in demand and relevant. Express their views on various issues, publish their literary creation or entertaining information, interesting for a certain range of readers, it is possible in this collection. Now the almanacs are issued in a variety of formats: printed, electronic and television.