Yars rocket: specifications and photos. Intercontinental ballistic missile

And let's study the RS-24 "Yars" - the Russian intercontinental ballistic missile rocket of mine and mobile deployment, equipped with a divider leading part?

It was developed by the Thermotechnical Moscow Institute under the direction of Yu. S. Solomonov (Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences). In general, the Yars rocket is an updated version of the Topol-M rocket. The tactical and technical description of this design is not disclosed. In the future, it is planned that it should replace the RS-20 and the RS-18 ICBMs and, together with Topol-M, make up the base of the Strategic Missile Brigade.

History

And do you know that the ballistic missile Yars has a very interesting history? Let's study it now.

In 2007, on May 29, the first test launch of these weapons was made on the Plesetsk site. Targets were successfully hit on the Kura test range.

And on December 25, the second testing of the RS-24 took place at the same testing range.

The third test launch of the missile with the same route as the previous ones was carried out in 2008 on November 26.

About the deadlines for the official tests of the RS-24 "Yars" intercontinental rocket Very different information was reported: if the newspapers wrote about their completion in 2010, the leading designer of the installation claimed that the tests ended in the last months of 2009. Perhaps, this is due to the unequal terms of the actual final of the government test program and the timing of the elimination of the observations identified in the testing process.

Deployment

The Yars missile was delivered by the Strategic Missile Troops to the Russian defense industry in 2009. It was the first military battalion of missile mobile complexes, equipped with head-separated parts. The fact of organizing the first calculation of the RS-24 was officially confirmed in July 2010 by VA Popovkin, the deputy defense minister.

The second battalion with a rocket launcher in December 2010 began to carry out experimental and combat service in the Ivanovo region (Teikovo missile division). So, the intercontinental ballistic missile Yars was in service with the first regiment, which entered the watch in 2011, on March 4, as part of two RS-24 battalions that have been on duty since 2010.

It is interesting that the first missile army, armed with the PGRK "Yars", in the Teikov missile unit in summer 2011 was fully manned (three battalions, nine APUs). In 2011, on December 7, in the same battalion, the second army, which consisted of one missile battalion and mobile regimental command post (PKP), began to carry the experimental and combat service.

The second brigade of the same regiment began its service in December 2011. As a result, by 2012 the total number of installed RS-24 reached 15 APU with missiles. By September 2012 this unit was armed with mobile "Yars". The total number of APU RS-24 "Yars" was now 18 (six divisions and two regiments).

At the end of 2012, the Yars missile appeared in both Kozelsky and Novosibirsk missile formations (the Kaluga region, a mine version of the complex). In 2013 the missile regiments of the Tagil part were completely re-equipped. The Irkutsk missile division also received new weapons.

The intercontinental Yars rocket was launched at night from the Plesetsk launch site in 2013 from 24 to 25 December. The testing was excellent. The warheads of the shell hit targets in Kamchatka.

By the way, in the number of 33 pieces, the Yars missile, with four warheads each, was in service with the Strategic Missile Forces by the beginning of 2014.

Then, in 2014, on April 14, at 10:40 Moscow time, from the maneuvering launcher placed at the Plesetsk space center, the Yars rocket was launched, equipped with a head-separated part. This campaign was conducted to test weapons manufactured in Votkinsk (serial control testing). Then official sources said that the tasks of the event were fully implemented.

And on December 26, at 11:02 Moscow time, a ground-based mobile-launched missile was launched from Plesetsk. The training shell was able to hit the targets on the Kamchatka site "Kura".

Characteristics of "Yars"

And yet, what is the "Yars" (missile)? Its characteristics are very interesting. This projectile is a solid-fuel three-stage light-weight ICBM. It was created at the turn of the century in the cooperation of Russian enterprises.

The RS-24 Yars missile does not resemble its direct ancestor, the Topol-M missile RS-12M1 / RS-12M2, which is an in-depth version of the Topol PC-12M: it has a more modern control system and a head.

The ballistic missile "Yars" is equipped with a crushing leading part (GV) and a block of personal guidance (MIRVs). A Topol-M is equipped with a monoblock GP (maneuvering and passive GS are tested). Perhaps, by 2020, the RS-12M-RS-24 tandem will turn into a single lightweight ICBM in stationary and mobile base versions. This option is justified for economic reasons.

The last decades of the last century

In the last century in the 80-90s, the Strategic Missile Forces were armed with five types of light-weight ICBMs and their versions. These include solid fuel and liquid rockets.

It should be noted that the operating costs of standardized installations are much lower than the same indicator for a set of light-weight ICBM models. But according to some parameters, the effectiveness of the latter is superior to "Yars".

For example, the liquid RS-18B ICB in comparison with the RS-24 carries a more impressive MIRV. Its combat equipment is improving now. A separate theme is the survivability of ICBMs, while the ground method is inferior at least to the railroad.

Taking into account the above-mentioned facts, as well as the need to maintain parity for established warheads and their carriers (according to strategic offensive arms), since 2009, work is underway to develop a domestic liquid ICBM heavy category instead of the RS-20B (Voevoda). In general, the issue of returnable reserves and the selection of the RS-22B ICBM remains open to Russia.

It is interesting that the political link - the "race" of strategic weapons, which is initiated by measures to protect against a nuclear attack - missile defense (ABM) is attached to the ICBM performance indicators. In the USA, in 2002, the treaty on the reduction of missile defense systems from 1972 was canceled. This country creates a new promising missile defense system, including its segments in Europe. The system is implemented since 1991. The creation of a national missile defense system of America is legally formalized, in 1999 the first testing of its elements was carried out.

Yars

We continue to clarify further what the "Yars" (missile) is. Its characteristics deserve close attention. Adoption of this projectile in the conditions of increasing US missile defense assets became possible, since the expiration of the START-1 agreement, which allowed the development of ICBMs only with a monoblock leading unit, was expired in 2009.

And what was the second asymmetric response of Russia to the US missile defense initiatives? The Yars rocket had very effective flight speed. In addition, it was struck by its excellent stability when passing through the order of the promising US missile defense system. And it was not affected by the damaging factors of nuclear explosions (PFNS).

Many experts say that the Yars-M missile has remarkable characteristics. So, the active area of the trajectory of this weapon is shortened. Instantaneous speed dialing provides a more efficient mixture charge of the solid-propellant rocket propellant (RDTT) engines. The missile at the start can make a program maneuver. It is necessary for penetration through a cloud of nuclear explosion of the attacking rocket.

It is interesting that the "Yars", in contrast to the previous RS-12M, uses a system of guidance that does not react to powerful electromagnetic pulses. In general, the newest complexes of countermeasures (PCB) missile defense significantly reduce the probability of capture of the leading department.

It should be noted that the target-tricks of PCB can not be distinguished from military units in the zone of electromagnetic backgroundning. With the help of them, it is possible to forge parameters for almost every selective feature in the extra-atmospheric, transient and impressive region of the atmospheric segment of the descending branch of the trajectory of the leading part.

Here, for the first time, fictitious targets with superresolution and those capable of ignoring the radar were used. Means PCB, distorting the parameters of the head zone, created from the radio-absorbing shell, generators of dynamic radio interference, aerosols, which are sources of infrared radiation, and so on.

Description of functions

Well, perhaps, many readers were convinced that the rocket "Yars-M" characteristics is excellent? Let's continue a deeper study of this wonderful design! It is known that the layout of this weapon, in comparison with the RS-12M, has not changed. Its marching rocket engines are equipped with a full-body hull of the "cocoon" type, made of composite raw materials.

The speed of the rocket "Yars" is quite impressive. Unlike his ancestor "Poplar" in the tandem, the first stage is not equipped with lattice aerodynamic stabilizers and rudders. The flight is controlled on the active site by a turning, slightly recessed nozzle, designed on the basis of an elastic joint, which deflects the vector of the engine's thrust (at all stages).

Russian Yars missiles are equipped with nozzle blocks made of carbon-carbon raw materials. Nozzle liners of this weapon are created on the basis of the reinforced three-dimensional oriented carbon-carbon matrix.

The missile is equipped with an inertial control system. The complex of high-speed command instruments of the hydrostabilized platform (SHG) owns improved precision parameters. The newest computational harrow digital complex (BZVK) has increased productivity and resistance to the effects of FPP.

By the way, the RS-24 "Yars" intercontinental missile is aimed at by the autonomous detection of the azimuth of the control unit on the GPS. This function is performed by the ground complex of command instruments, which is located on launch containers intended for transportation (TPK).

The Yars-M rocket has an overestimated, in comparison with the prototypes, the coefficient of useful use of fissile material. Historically, the leading compartment is the first in the Russian practice of creating weapons that is installed on ICBMs without testing units and details during nuclear explosions.

By analogy with the RS-12M, the use of RS-24, RS-12M1 (2) missiles for mobile as well as for stationary basing takes place with the use of TPK. The start in these two cases is mortar: in the process the powder pressure generators (PAD) are operated.

It should be noted that, in connection with the various operating conditions of stationary and mobile missiles, as well as the emergence of various rules for protection from FFIA, the global unification of missiles and the TPK was not achieved. It was necessary to create constructively dissimilar means necessary for pushing the charge out of the TPK and the container. For example, for the rocket version of the missile at the start, a pallet was used, which protected the first-stage solid propellant from the increased pressure of the PAD gases. And for the mobile version the pallet was not needed, since the pressure was much lower. Due to the peculiarities of the mine and the weight limitations for the variant of missile basing, various TPC structural materials were used.

The most important parameters are listed in the table below.

	РС-12М1 (2)	РС-24
Number of steps	3	3
Maximum flight distance, km	10,500
Maximum starting weight, t	47.1
The charge power of the active unit, Mt	0.55	0.15, 0.3
Weight of the driving part, t	1.2	1.2-1.3
Dimensions, m
length	22.7
Diameter of the shell of the first level, m	1.86	1.86
Diameter of the shell of the second level, m	1.61
Diameter of the shell of the third level, m	1.58	1.58
CCE, m	200-350

The Yars rocket boasts an initial warranty period of storage that was fifteen years.

Testing

Have you figured out what the "Yars" rocket is? The test was conducted in 2014 on December 26 at the Plesetsk cosmodrome at 11:00 Moscow time. A successful launch was commented by Colonel Egorov Igor, authorized officer of the Press Service of the Russian Ministry of Defense for the Missile Forces.

He said that the Yars-24 missile was able to fulfill all the tasks: "The educational active units hit the targets on the Kamka site" Kura "with the specified accuracy."

Egorov noted that the testing had to confirm the technical strength of the charges created in 2013-2014, as well as the operational and combat parameters of the complex itself.

ICBMs

What is an ICBM? This is a ballistic intercontinental rocket of the "ground-to-earth" class, which can overcome 5500 km. Charges of this kind, as a rule, are equipped with nuclear warheads. They are used to destroy enemy strategically important objects located on distant continents.

Popularization

The first on the planet ballistic missile R-7 was safely tested in the Soviet Union on August 21, 1957. It was adopted in 1960. American ICBM SM-65 Atlas successfully passed tests in 1958. She appeared in the army in 1959 (a year earlier than the R-70). Today, the ICBM is armed with the armies of Russia, Britain, the US, China and France.

Israel in the question of whether it has this type of charge follows the same policy as in the issue of possession of nuclear weapons - does not deny and does not confirm its presence on its territory. In fact, this state derives a double benefit from the situation: it does not join the international agreement on monitoring the distribution of missile technologies, but keeps neighboring countries in suspense about its own real possibilities.

They are developing their own ICBMs of North Korea, India and Pakistan.

South Africa, wishing to resist the Soviet bloc and Western countries, in the 1980s created the RSA-3 ICBM (with the support of Israel), but after the collapse of the apartheid regime it did not take it into service.

The events of World War II

It is interesting that Nazi Germany began the work on the creation of ICBMs first. Werner von Braun in the summer of 1942 led the launch of the project "America", thanks to which the A9 / A10 missile was to be created. Specialists have developed a two-stage charge on liquid fuel with a mass of one hundred tons, capable of flying for a distance of up to 5000 km.

It is known that, according to the current classification, the A9 / A10 formally refers to charges of medium distances. But it was developed as an intercontinental ammunition capable of hitting the eastern coast of the United States. Technically, the A9 / A10, however, was not a ballistic missile, since it was equipped with an upper winged stage de facto figuring as a winged supersonic weapon.

The launching of this charge at the beginning and middle of the flight took place with the aid of radio beacons. They were directed to the goal in advance and activated by the pilot at the right time, in the finale. A person performing such an important mission, just before the goal, left the small parachute cabin and sat on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean after making a space suborbital flight.

Some sources report that tests in the framework of the creation of the A9 / A10 were held on 8 and 24 January 1945, but in combat it did not have to be used.

Other sources say that the work on the program has never progressed further than the sketches (which is more plausible). By the way, the Germans underestimated the intricacies of the planned flight at supersonic speed, perhaps, therefore, the A9 / A10 system could never work.

After the defeat of Germany, America and the USSR from its territory took to the colossal number of documents, experts and material base for rocket research.

Engines

And now we will give a little attention to the engines. The first versions of ICBMs were operated by liquid rocket engines: before launching, they had to refuel with rocket fuel for a very long period of time. Preparing the installation for the flight took several hours, but technical maintenance was done in a matter of minutes. To use the cryogenic components (R-7), the start-up complex instruments were very cumbersome.

All these nuances significantly limited the strategic value of these weapons. Today's ICBMs use engines that operate either with solid fuel or with liquid high-boiling feedstock with ampulized refueling.

Such a plant loads the plant into transport and launch containers and delivers it to the customer. Thus, the missiles, which are stored, are ready for launch throughout the life of the vehicle. Liquid charges to the launching complex are delivered in an unregulated state. They inject the fuel after installing the TPK with a charge in the PU. Further, the weapon can stay in the combat state for many years. Preparation for flight takes no more than a few minutes and is carried out remotely, by cables and radio channels, from a remote command post. Also regular testing of PU and missile systems is conducted.

It is interesting that the current ICBMs, as a rule, do not have the means to force the enemy's ABM. They can consist only of maneuvering combat units, radar jammers, false targets, and so on.