What kinds of art are there and styles?

Art is a very multifaceted concept. It is creativity in general. There are some of its types. Works of art reflect many phenomena of reality, world perception and worldview of authors. According to the aesthetic interpretation of the essence, the concept is treated as a mimesis - imitation, a sensual expression of something supersensible. Next, consider what kinds of art are.

Aesthetic value

Kinds and forms of art are considered as a way of expression of public consciousness, a special course of the process of assimilation of the world in the spiritual and practical direction. Together with this creativity is an organic complex of creation, human interaction and assessment of what is happening. Speaking about what kinds of art are, first of all it is worth noting such as painting, sculpture, cinema, theater and others. Many of them have these or those directions. For example, there are different types of musical art. Next, consider some types of details.

Painting

Speaking about what kinds of art are, you can not say about this creative direction. The history of painting goes back centuries. This creative direction has evolved from rock paintings to the latest trends. Painting is characterized by the widest range of possibilities for the embodiment of a wide variety of designs - from realism to abstractionism. It should be noted that decorative art forms developed at various stages of history rather inconsistently. This was mainly due to the emergence of modern and realistic trends. At the end of the XIX-XX centuries, such decorative forms of art as underground, abstractionism, avant-gardism began to develop. The appearance of these currents marked the rejection of representativeness. Instead, an active expression of the author's personal attitude to reality, the conventionality and emotionality of color, the geometrization and exaggeration of the images, the associativity and decorativeness of the composite solutions came. During the twentieth century, the search for technical means and new colors continued. Thanks to this, absolutely different styles of art appeared. However, for example, oil painting is today considered to be the favorite technique of masters.

Graphic arts

It combines different types of art. Graphics is an image on a plane. It combines a picture that acts as an independent area, as well as types of printed craft. They include different types of applied art. This woodcut engraving (woodcut), metal (etching), cardboard and others. Each picture is unique and unique in its kind. Graphical printed works can be replicated, reproduced in prints - equivalent copies. In this case, each print will be an original, but not a copy of the original image. In the figure, all types of graphics and many other types of art are based. To create an image, the author often often needs simple tools: a pen or a pencil and a sheet of paper. In other cases, complex equipment and special tools can be used: a printing press, cutters, lithographic stones and so on. As the main expressive means of graphics are the outline, stroke, line, tone and spot. A separate, very significant role belongs to the white sheet of paper. Many authors achieve expressiveness using only one black color. The boundaries that exist between graphics and painting are very arbitrary. Often the technique of watercolors, pastels, and in some cases also gouaches, are considered as one, then other forms of art. There are independent directions of graphics, such as a poster, computer design, book design. Posters, as a rule, reflect the reality and illustrate significant events. They can be sports, political, advertising, entertainment, educational and others. In the graphics, some kinds of applied art are also used. These include, in particular, postcards, envelopes, calendars and so on.

Sculpture

Since ancient times, there are different kinds of art. One of the old directions is sculpture. The name itself has Latin roots. In the translation, the word "sculpture" means "carving", "sculpting." Inside this direction, many genres are used. If we talk about what kinds of art are three-dimensional and three-dimensional, then first of all it should be said about sculpture. It includes reliefs, busts, statues and so on. Sculpture is divided into two types: works that are placed freely in space, and applied to the plane. The latter include high relief and bas-relief. The purpose of sculpture can also be different. For example, it can be monumental, easel. Isolate small sculptural forms. As for genres, it should be noted such as household, portrait, historical, animalistic and others. With the use of sculptural means you can recreate a still life or landscape. However, the main object is a person. People are depicted in different ways. For example, it can be a bust, a head, a sculptural group, a statue. As for technology, it is quite complex and involves many steps. As a material, wood, stone and other solids are used. By cutting off the excess, a work is created.

The image is also obtained by using a plastic mass. This process is called plastics. Here, the material used is wax, clay, plasticine and so on. The creation of sculptures is also carried out by casting from substances that have the ability to transition from liquid to solid state. To such materials, for example, include concrete, gypsum, plastic. Used in creating sculptures and metal. It is processed by welding, chasing, cutting, forging.

Architecture

Speaking about what kinds of art are, special attention should be paid to architecture. Architecture has the ability to express in images human notions of peace, grandeur, time, triumph, joy, loneliness and so on. That is why architecture is often called frozen music. The architect's task is to ensure not only the strength and usefulness of the structure, but also its aesthetic qualities. There are several trends of architecture. Not everyone knows what is called the art form associated with the creation and reconstruction of cities. This is the direction of urban development. Also in architecture, landscape design is highlighted. Within the framework of this trend, bridges, fountains, staircases for parks, parks, boulevards, gazebos are created, in short, everything that is used to decorate the territory. The construction of volumetric structures is widely developed. These include some types of buildings: industrial, residential, public, religious, and others. During this or that period of history, various construction technologies and materials appeared and improved. Thanks to the modern level of technology with the use of glass, reinforced concrete, plastic mass and other raw materials, constructions of unusual, non-standard configuration are created: in the form of balls, flowers, shells, ears, spirals and other.

Architectural tools

The main ones include proportionality, rhythm, scale, plasticity of volumes. Also of no small importance are the color and texture of surfaces. Architecture is designed to reflect the artistic direction of the era. It is by its imaginative side that it differs from conventional construction. Architects create space for people and their activities, which is distinguished by an artistic organization. Known for the whole world structures and ensembles are perceived as symbols of individual cities and countries. For example, in Paris it is the Eiffel Tower, in Egypt - the pyramids, in Athens - the Acropolis, in Rome - the Colosseum, in Moscow - the Red Square and the Kremlin.

Types of musical art

Singing is considered the main and most ancient direction of creativity. It includes numerous types of folk art. In particular, it's ditties, romances, lullabies and stuff. In general, the types of folk art can be combined into the concept of "folklore." Among other areas, it should be noted instrumental reproduction. It takes up much less space in music than vocal. Choral singing is considered to be a specific area. This is a collective performance of works. Choral singing took the main place in divine services, festivals, theatrical events. It was called upon to strengthen in people the best of their qualities. Also worth noting is the direction of chamber music. In this case, the performance (vocal or instrumental) is carried out by a small composition. Symphonic music is intended for orchestras. Among its main genres it is necessary to distinguish overture, suite, symphony.

Opera is another musical direction. It involves instruments and vocals. Opera, in fact, is a play, the parties of which are sung. There is a combination of three elements: words, music and scenic action. Another kind of musical art is ballet. Here, instrumental and dance performance is used. Of particular importance, as, indeed, in the opera, in the ballet have scenery.

Abstraction

Above briefly described what kinds of art are. It should be said that this is not a complete list of directions of creativity. Next, consider some of the techniques by which creative forms are created. One of the main ways of thinking is abstraction. As a result, the most common judgments and concepts are formed. If you touch the decorative art, then in it the abstraction is a process of stylization of natural, natural images. Representatives of some creative trends created structures that differed in logical order. They also echoed the search for a rational organization of images in design and architecture. Malevich's works can serve as an example . In general, in the artistic activity there is a constant presence of abstraction.

Types of styles in art: realism

In the broad sense of the concept in art this is a truthful, comprehensive and objective reflection of the existing reality. For this, specific means are used that are inherent in one or other direction of creativity. A common sign of realism is the validity of the reproduction of reality. In this case, art in this case has at its disposal quite a lot of various cognitive methods, ways of generalization, reflection of phenomena.

Avant-gardism

In art, this concept defines modernist, experimental beginnings. Each era is marked by the emergence of innovative phenomena, but the term itself was firmly established only at the beginning of the twentieth century. At that time, there were such kinds of art as Cubism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Futurism and others. In all avant-garde directions it is possible to single out common features. First of all, this is a rejection of the classical norms of the image, deformation of forms, game transformations, expression and so on. All this contributes to the erosion of the boundaries of reality and art.

Underground

This concept is treated as an "underground" culture. In this case, art opposes itself to the limitations and conventions of traditional creativity. Exhibitions often take place not in galleries and salons, but in the metro, underground passages, on the ground. In Russia, the underground is a community that represents unofficial art.

Modern

This concept is a collective designation of the newest trends, schools, styles, activities of individual creators in the art of the twentieth century. It is close in importance to the vanguard. Modernism was fairly negatively evaluated by art historians in the Soviet era. He was regarded as a crisis manifestation of bourgeois culture.

Kinetic Creativity

This direction is associated with the use of dynamic, moving elements and structures. As an independent form of art Kineticism took shape in the second half of the fifties of the last century. He was preceded by experiments on the creation of dynamic plastics in Russian constructivism. Since time immemorial, folk art has demonstrated patterns of moving toys and objects. As an example, birds of happiness from the Arkhangelsk region, imitating the labor process, Bogorodskoye. Often in kineticity, the creation of the illusion of motion is accomplished by changing lighting. The techniques of this art are widely used in the process of organizing discos, fairs, exhibitions, when decorating the public interior, parks, squares. Often, the compositions use mirrors.

Modern expressive techniques

• Hyperrealism . This trend in sculpture and painting originated in America in the 70s of the twentieth century. Masters created an imitation photo on canvas. A modern city was depicted: traffic lights and metro stations, shop windows, passers-by on the street, residential buildings. Particular attention was paid to brilliant, reflective surfaces (plastic, glass, polishing, etc.).
• Reidy-Maid. This is one of the most common techniques of avant-garde art. Its essence lies in the fact that from an ordinary household situation an industrial production object breaks out and is exhibited in a gallery or exhibition hall. The meaning of this process is concluded in the change of perception of an object in a non-standard situation for it.
• Installation. This is a spatial composition that is created from different elements. In particular, household items, natural objects, materials, visual or textual information are used. With an unusual combination of ordinary things, the objects are given a symbolic meaning. The aesthetic content of installations is concluded in the game with semantic meanings, the change of which depends on the conditions in which the object resides - in the exhibition hall or in the usual domestic setting.
• The environment . This is a spatial, rather extensive composition. It covers the viewer in a way similar to the real environment. The environment is one of the forms characteristic of the avant-garde of the 60s and 70s. XX century.

Finally

Art has always been and remains consonant with time. It reflects the social outlook in general. In this case, art has the ability to greatly influence the masses of people. In this regard, the artist's own attitude is of no small importance. The history of all kinds of arts is a constantly changing, developing living matter. In each of the epochs there was a struggle between influences, tendencies, old ideas with qualitatively new emerging manifestations. Nevertheless, despite all the variability within this or that period, all forms of art possessed relatively stable features: plastic, compositional, rhythmic, coloristic and other, defining the style of a particular time.