What is spindle tape? Planting and care

Many gardeners know perfectly well what is spindle brush. However, in some regions this plant is known as wolfberry berries, night blindness, wolf earrings, bruslin. And in scientific terms, it is called Euonymus. So he was christened Karl Linnaeus, combining the ancient Greek eu, that is "good", and onymus - "name, name." As a result, it turned out "a nice, beautiful, glorious name" or simply "glorious". And indeed, any kind of spindleboard in its own way is unusually beautiful and effective, for which it was so loved by landscape designers. And the unpretentiousness of the plant was appreciated by the owners of household plots. But also the capricious handsome-spindle has its own secrets, the knowledge of which depends the success in its cultivation.

How to distinguish a spindle among other plants

Those who do not yet know what spindle is, the photo will help to understand the issue. A distinctive feature of this plant are the fruits - the seed boxes that keep up in the autumn. It is then that they come out of green, ordinary, almost invisible against the background of foliage, bright red, crimson, purple or yellow (depending on the species, variety). Externally, the boxes are square, hanging from twigs on thin thread-stalks. With full ripeness, they burst, showing the world four bright red berries with black dots-eyes. All this together resembles parachutes or miniature Chinese lanterns. Berries do not fall to frost and always attract the eye, and in addition, some people, especially children, cause a desire to taste them. They taste like sweet and sour, so without knowing what spindle is and how dangerous it is, you can eat quite a lot. The consequences of such a meal are sad, since the berries are poisonous. After them, there is a steady bitterness in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever. Therefore, planting spindles at your site is necessary in places where children do not walk, well, or it is available to explain to them that these beautiful berries are not.

Biological Description

All spindles belong to the genus Pereskletian. Depending on the species, they can be dwarfish, only 30-50 cm high, medium and high, stretching up to 10 meters. Foliage of various spindles in summer is mostly green, but in some it has a white or yellow border or speckles. In autumn, the evergreen species do not change their foliage, while in deciduous ones flashes in dozens of shades of red, orange, and purple. On this basis, it is also possible to recognize what a spindle is. The photo below shows one of the medium-sized species. It shows without any superfluous words how effective the crown of these plants is. But their flowers are not particularly noteworthy, although they are also not devoid of some originality. In some species, for example, in spindle winglets, they resemble small, wonderful creatures with 4 wings and 4 proboscis protruding from 4 pads. In other representatives of the genus the flowers are less exotic, smaller, yellow-green, practically odorless. Stems are also noteworthy. On the cut they are round or square. Their bark is brown in color, in some species it is smooth, in others with outgrowths, in the third with longitudinal cork formations such as wings.

Benefits of Bircquets

Previously, people engaged in the production of rubber, very well knew what a spindle, because of its juice made gutta-percha. Even now in medicine, especially in dentistry, use materials obtained from warty spindles. And they are needed for the treatment of periodontitis, pulpitis. Folk healers are advised to use spindles (bark, berries, leaves, branches) for heart disease, hypertension, skin ailments, migraine. And spindle winged smart gardeners are planted among apple trees and other fruit trees, because plants of this species take on themselves the hordes of pests, saving them from the garden. This is a wonderful plant.

Reproduction by seeds

To finally understand what is spindle and what can be expected of it, we will tell you about the ways of its reproduction. And there are only two of them - vegetative and seeds. I must say that the latter option is not the most successful, because it is troublesome and long. Sow preferably freshly harvested seeds - in the fall for the winter, so that they have passed a natural stratification. This is usually done by birds of robins, for which the berries of spindle are not poisonous. With this seeding technology, the seeds germinate for the second year. You can accelerate the process by stratification. To do this, the seeds of the spindle are washed from the pulp, for 20 minutes they are poured with a pink solution of potassium permanganate, then 3-4 months are kept in a cool place (up to +12 ° C), and after - 4-5 months in the cold (t from 0 to +3 ° C). Sow them in the prepared containers in the early spring, making in the ground small - up to 2 cm - holes or grooves, and then watered. Such seeds germinate within 2-3 weeks. Shoots should preferably be mulched with fine peat and regularly, but moderately watered.

Reproduction is vegetative

In order not to fool yourself, it is better to propagate vegetative spindles. There are several methods here: layers, cuttings, division of a bush. Breeding is propagated by species in which the branches are spread along the ground or close to it, for example, spindle European dwarfish, winged, Forchuna, Japanese. The branch is inclined, pinned to the surface, sprinkled with soil. After 1.5 months, she will give the roots. Then the branch is separated and planted in the right place. By dividing the bush, low-growth and medium-sized spindles reproduce, giving abundant growths and having a superficial root system that is creepy under the ground. This operation is necessary not only to obtain new plants, but also to rejuvenate old plants. The bush is excavated, the fragment of rhizome is carefully separated from the shoot and planted in a new place.

Reproduction by cuttings

This way you can propagate any kind of spindle. Cuttings in late spring - early summer are cut from a plant aged 4 years. In length, they should be at least 8-10 cm and have at least one interstice. To obtain the best result, it is desirable, according to the instructions, to hold in the root. Next cuttings are placed in a greenhouse with ready-made soil (a mixture of leaf land and sand in a proportion of 1: 3), sprinkled with sand, poured and covered with a film. Roots are formed by autumn, then the young seedling can be transplanted to a permanent place.

Care instructions

So, we found out what is spindle brush. Where does it grow? This question is also of great importance, since it determines his life preferences. Berezkletov in the world there are a little more than 200 species, about 80-90 of which are deciduous. Some species feel comfortable in sun-drenched areas (Maeca spindle), while others prefer penumbraes (warty, European spindles), while the third likes a shadow (Sakhalin, sacred). These features need to be taken into account when choosing a plant for your garden. You can plant the acquired type of spindle and without taking into account its light whims, but representatives with motley leaves in the shade will lose their spectacular coloring, and shade lovers in the bright sun will grow slowly and without the splendor of the crown.

But the abundance of moisture does not like absolutely all kinds of spindles. They can not be planted where there are stagnant water or groundwater are too close to the surface. If there is no plant on the site of another place, it is necessary to arrange a drainage cushion from claydite, crushed stone, sand in the landing hole. Its thickness depends on the hydrological state of the site. Sprinkle spindles moderately, in the heat a little more often than on cool days.

To the composition of the soil, the spindles are also demanding. On acidic they grow beautiful and healthy will not be - only on neutral or slightly alkaline and necessarily light soils. Reduce acidity by adding lime, and to relieve heavy loam - by adding sand, manure, turf. During the season, spindle sprouts are fed with organic and mineral fertilizers. Then the plants turn out to be especially lush, bright and beautiful.

Berezkin the European

Representatives of this species are dwarfish, medium and tall. They grow bushes or trees. On their branchlets there are cork "wings", and petioles of fruit-boxes are somewhat shorter than in other species. Many gardeners for compactness and beauty of the crown like European spindle dwarfish. The photo above shows how small these plants are. Most dwarf species are evergreen shrubs. Therefore, they do not please the flaming colors in autumn, but throughout the year they create beautiful saturated green spots on the site. Branches of different varieties of dwarf euonymus can grow upward, forming a neat compact shrub up to 1 meter in height, and can spread along the ground, rising over it only by 30-50 cm. The leaves of all dwarf eaves are mostly elongated, dense, leathery, on top of sheet plastics Glossy, from below matte. Flowers bloom in the middle of summer, and fruits ripen in early autumn. Great charm has a European spindle "red cascade". Such a name is given to the plant for the fantastically beautiful red-crimson-burgundy-purple fireworks of its autumn foliage. This spindle is frost-resistant, more unpretentious to the soil, tolerant to pruning, likes penumbra and places where the sun is, but not all day.

Peculiarities of growing

In the forests of Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, you can often find a European spindle dwarf. Planting and caring for this species are the same as for other representatives of the genus Bereskletovye. The only thing that is desirable to take into account is the fact that low-growth spindles prefer shady areas of the garden, in the extreme case - penumbra. They are the ideal choice for the device of live fencing, rockeries, and from up growing dwarf varieties, unique compositions of topiara are obtained. This handsome man reproduces both by seeds, and by layers, and by the division of a bush, and by cuttings.

Dwarf spindlets are not as frost-resistant as their tall counterparts. Some gardeners solve this problem by covering the plants with lagets in the cold of the bushes, and others plant the spindles in the tank and in winter bring them into the room. The temperature of the environment for them in the house should be in the range of +15 ... +16 degrees, humidity of air and watering - moderate. If you put a pot with a plant near the battery, it can discard the leaves.

Spindle warty

What is a warty cheekbone is best understood if you look at the photo above. On it clearly visible growths on branches and trunk, reminiscent of warts. These formations are needed to improve the breathing of living plant tissues. Its second distinctive feature is the mouse "flavor" of flowers. Outwardly they are completely unattractive, small, flat, due to the brownish color of the petals as if lifeless. But the fruits of the warty spindle are as bright and spectacular as the other representatives of the genus. The third of its features, useful for multiplication by bushing, is a superficial root system with a multitude of fibrous roots.

The warty spindle belongs to semi-leafy plants, since its foliage can be kept on the branches for up to 7 years. In the summer it is green, and in the autumn it becomes incredibly beautiful - pink-crimson-red. There is a warty spindle about 50 years, it grows slowly, and after reaching 30 years, the increase in size stops altogether. In the temperate latitudes of Russia it is a bush with a maximum height of 3 meters.

The spindle japanese

This species is noteworthy in that it can be grown both on site and in an apartment in an ordinary pot. From Japanese spindles, beautiful bonsai compositions are obtained. Externally, Japanese spindles, depending on the variety, are significantly different. So, there are species with yellow divorces on leaves (golden spindle), with whitish (silver) or with usual green ones. Some leaves have teeth at the edges. But they blossom and, accordingly, they rarely bear fruit. Caring for Japanese Japanese woodwinds is the correct watering and in providing the necessary lighting. Species with variegated leaves need enough light, and green sills of the apartment are approaching the green, where the sun rarely looks. Watering room spindles are somewhat more abundant than street ones, especially in the warm season. In summer it is desirable to additionally spray the pets with water at room temperature. The heat of indoor Japanese scoop leaves is hard, for them the air temperature should not exceed +20 degrees in summer and +15 in winter. Top dressing is carried out according to the general principle. Pruning is done if you want to give your spindle an interesting look, and also to make the crown more dense and lush.

In landscape design and in nature

Beautiful, unpretentious, and in addition, the plant that easily tolerates gas contamination and the fogging of industrial cities - that's how European gardeners characterize gardener. For landscape design use all of its types, it all depends on the purpose and the desired composition. Thus, tall representatives perfectly fit as landmarks, creeping - beautiful and effective as cover plants, shade-tolerant are ideal as hedges. Especially unique is the Forecuna spindle, which is capable of climbing up to 3 meters in height, clinging to them with roots. And it's good to mask the European spindle tree with not quite aesthetic places on your plot, for example, some shed. But a veranda or terrace can also decorate a spectacular spindle. Dwarf varieties are great for creating cats, which has become very popular in England.

Not only gardeners, but also wildlife lovers can tell what the spindle is. And the fjords (especially in Spain, Chile, America), and the slopes of the mountains, for example, in the Himalayas, and the river floodplains in Sakhalin, and the forest edge in the Far East, China is adorned with beautiful foliage and unusual fruits with many-sided spindles.

Pests

Finally, I want to briefly tell you what diseases are affected by spindles. These plants attract a lot of pests, including scabbards, aphids, fruit flies, apple moth, hawthorn, spiderweb and flat mites. You need to fight them with appropriate insecticides. Of the diseases of spindles, white mold is the most common, which appears at elevated humidity and ambient temperature.