What are spinning plants? Spinning cultivated plants: examples

On the ground there is simply a huge number of plants of various types. Some of them are used by man in food. Others serve as decorations of dwellings and suburban areas. In this article, let's talk about what spinning plants are. Already by the name you can guess that these are representatives of the flora used for making fabrics.

Key Features

In fact, spinning plants in nature there are many - more than 600 species. However, only thin and delicate fibers are used for the production of clothing. And there are not that many such species on the planet - about 20.

The main distinguishing feature of all spinning plants is the presence of vegetative and generative organs containing fibers and fat. There are the following three main groups into which spinning crops are divided (the list of plants and their characteristics are given below):

• Lubovoloknistye. In these representatives of the fauna the fiber is located inside the stem and represents strongly elongated cells collected by bundles. This group includes, for example, plants such as flax, kenaf, jute.
• Fibrous spinning cultures. In this case, the fiber is an elongated (20-50 mm) seed cell. This group includes well-known cotton.
• Leafy-fiber. In such plants, long cells are found in leaves (New Zealand flax, textile banana, sisal).

The presence of fibrous cells is the only characteristic by which spinning plants can be combined into a large group. In the rest it is completely dissimilar to each other representatives of the flora, belonging to different classes, species and subspecies.

Representatives of the family of flax

Further, we will consider what characteristics some of the most well-known spinning plants are distinguished by. And start with flax. The genus Linum includes more than 200 representatives. However, only one species is cultivated in the culture - flax ordinary, which includes five subspecies. In Russia they grow a Eurasian dolgun. It gives the longest and most valuable fiber. Other varieties of dolguntsy are cultivated here in our country as oil plants.

How to make linen cloth?

So, all spinning cultivated plants, examples of which will be given below, are used for making a variety of textile things. The same applies to flax. To obtain the threads, the stems are soaked in water for a long time - before decomposition begins. The remaining long fibers are weaved and allowed to produce fabrics. Linen clothes are more pleasant to the touch than the today's cotton, is more durable. However, it is quite difficult to make a fabric made of such yarns, because they are very easy to tear. To date, Ireland is the largest producer of spinning flax and fabrics from it.

Cotton: biological features

Flax is by no means the only variety used to produce fibers on fabric. Cultivated in our country, including other cultural plants spinning. The most common is cotton. Moreover, today it is the main spinning culture in our country and all over the world. Such popularity is explained by the ease of obtaining fiber, its high yield and high yield of the plant itself. This culture refers to the Malvian family. The adult plant can reach a height of more than 180 cm. Fruit branches of raw cotton develop in the upper part of the stem and move away from it at an obtuse angle. On them, and grow flowers, which subsequently yield the fruits of the "box". The latter have a round-ovoid shape and burst at the seams when ripening. In this case, cotton becomes visible - long fibers covering the seeds of the plant.

Harvesting of this crop can be done both manually and mechanically. In the latter case, the leaves are removed from the plants with the help of chemicals.

Hemp

There are other popular cultivated spinning plants. Hemp is one of them. This culture refers to a family of heterozygous dioecious. Male and female plants differ in the structure of generative organs and flowers. In addition, the second has a longer vegetative period.

Like cotton flax, hemp is grown on fiber and oil. The first is obtained from the stems, the second from the seeds. Fibers are used for making fabrics intended for sewing rough work clothes, weaving ropes, etc. Hemp and oil are made from hemp oil .

To date, the most common are only two spinning cultures of this variety. To produce fabrics and oil, hemp is used. A hashish variety is grown in some Asian countries in order to obtain narcotic substances from the leaves.

Collecting hemp on a green plant begins with a massive flowering of male plants. In women this process begins a little later. The collected stems are sorted by length and thickness and sent to soak, usually in specially designed open reservoirs. The duration of this procedure is in direct proportion to the temperature of the water. In warm soak lasts about a week, in the cold - in the autumn - up to two or three weeks.

Like flax, the fibers of cannabis after softening the tissues are separated very easily. But you can not stop the stems in the water. Decay significantly reduces the quality of the resulting material.

Kenaf

There are less well-known spinning cultivated plants. Examples of such varieties are kenaf and jute. The fiber of the first is used mainly for making bags and ropes. In the past, the fibers of this plant, as well as finished products from them, were imported to Russia mainly from India. At the moment, this culture is quite successfully grown, including in Uzbek farms. The value of kenaf fabric consists mainly in the fact that it is possible to sew bags that are ideally suited for storing and transporting sugar. Of course, for this purpose you can use hemp. However, the inconvenience in this case lies primarily in the fact that microscopic particles separate from the filaments of such bags. Remove them from sugar afterwards is simply impossible. Similar phenomenon in kenaf bags is not observed. The fiber obtained from this plant is not only flexible and durable, but also hygroscopic. Sewing from kenaf fabrics is not just bags. The threads, woven from the fibers of this culture, are also used for making ropes, ropes, twines and tarpaulins. In a number of countries it also produces pulp.

Refers to kenaf, like cotton, to the Malvian family. The height of an adult plant can reach 1-5 m, and its roots go to the ground by 2 m. Cleaning of kenaf begins after one or two bottles with seeds are drilled. Harvesting is done with the harvesters machines. The skewed stems are left to dry for a few days right in the field. Then they are collected and bundled into sheaves. Further drying is carried out in special suspensions. At the next stage the sheaves are threshed. The seeds are cleaned and sorted, and the sheaves are sent to the refineries.

Jute

This is another plant, the fibers of which are very often used for making bags intended for sugar, flour and other bulk products. According to the performance characteristics, the jute fabric even surpasses the kenaf. Sometimes it produces even velvet and furniture fabrics. Among other things, jute goes to making ropes, twines and ropes. Very often this fiber is used for caulking chopped buildings. A technical oil is obtained from the seeds of this culture. They are also used as a medicine intended for the cure of heart diseases.

Jute is grown mainly in the tropical zone of Asia, that is, in such states as India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Taiwan. There are plantations of this culture also in Africa and America. Only two varieties of jute - long-bodied and large-fruited - are of industrial value.

The ripeness of the plant occurs when the first seed capsule appears on it. The harvesting of this plant on the fiber is made after entering into this phase more than half of the plants. Primary processing of stems is performed in exactly the same way as in kenaf. These are actually very similar lubovoloknistye spinning plants. And although today they are not as common as in the past, their cultivation, of course, seems more than practical.

Ramie

Spicy plants are also very interesting. The names of this variety are Chinese nettle and ramie. The main distinguishing feature of fibers obtained from this plant is that they practically do not rot. In the past, they were usually used to make quality canvas. Today, Ramy fibers are most often made with very strong ropes having a long service life. Sew out of nettles and clothes. However, in this case, Rami fibers are usually mixed with cotton fibers or with wool. At the same time, very strong, well-shaped, wear-resistant things are obtained.

The height of adult plants of Chinese nettle can reach two meters. In contrast to the variety that grows here in Russia, its stems do not burn at all. The plant is very unpretentious and can yield two crops a year. At the moment, this culture is cultivated in countries such as Brazil, Thailand, India, the Philippines, South Korea.

Spinning crops: a list of plants

So, to spinning are such representatives of the fauna, as flax, jute, cotton, kenaf, nettle. What other known species exist? In addition to the above described in this group also includes pineapple, kendyr, manila and many others.

Spinning plants, the list of which is given above, is certainly the most valuable raw material for the production of fabrics. Cotton and linen clothing at the moment is very much appreciated as absolutely environmentally friendly. Without ropes, tarpaulins and sacks, many areas of the national economy are unlikely to manage.