Urinary Syndrome

Urinary syndrome is considered to be one of the most important signs of possible disorders in the urinary system, in the essence of which lies the laboratory-proven (statically authentic) and apparent deviation from the norm of the urine composition.

This feature includes:

• Hematuria;
• Proteinuria;
• Pyuria;
• Cholesteroluria;
• Cylinderuria.

Urinary syndrome, manifested in proteinuria, refers to the most frequent and, to some extent, mandatory manifestations of kidney damage. Proteinuria is the origin of protein. As a rule, it occurs as a result of the inflammatory process, which provokes the expansion of the pores of the walls of the glomerular capillaries to such an extent that the protein molecules penetrate them. The second cause of proteinuria is the destruction of enzymes that transport proteins from the renal tubules into the bloodstream.

In some cases, proteinuria is observed in healthy people. In particular, such a manifestation is observed in athletes after a long run or after a heavy load. In teenagers, proteinuria can result from long standing or walking. In this case, this state passes on its own after a while. Regular release of protein indicates renal diseases.

Urinary syndrome can manifest itself and hematuria, in which there is a discharge of erythrocytes with urine. A small number of them is present in normal in healthy people. This manifestation is established in the case of the allocation of red blood cells more than five million per day. In severe cases, they can be allocated up to 100 million a day.

The causes of this condition include both kidney diseases and diseases of urinary tract or bladder lesions . Often, hematuria causes urolithiasis. In this case, bleeding can occur when injuring the mucosa even with a small pebble.

The urinary syndrome can also be manifested by pyuria (leukocyturia), which is characterized by the release of a large volume of leukocytes. Diagnosis of this manifestation is of particular importance and indicates, mainly, the occurrence and development of inflammation of the kidney or urinary tract. Pyuria is considered a characteristic manifestation of pyelonephritis.

When the "protein cylinders" appear in the urine sediment, they speak of the manifestation of a cylinduria. Protein cylinders are represented by clots of substances. Normally, these substances are absorbed into the blood in the renal tubules. However, in the case of a cylinduria, they stick together and, passing through the lumen in the tubule, pass into the urine. When passing through the clearance, they acquire the shape of a cylinder. In other words, cylinders are a coagulated protein inside the kidneys. If there is at least one clot in the test, a kidney examination is assigned.

Cholesterol in the urine reveals cholesterol. This manifestation indicates a violation of lipid metabolism in the body, and may also indicate nephritis of the nephrotic form or amyloidosis of the kidneys.

Isolated urinary syndrome accompanies chronic glomerulonephritis. This manifestation is noted in almost half of all cases of chronic glomerulonephritis. In this case, as a rule, the disease proceeds without manifestation of symptoms (no arterial hypertension, no swelling). However, the tests reveal microhematuria, proteinuria, cylindruria, proteinuria, leukocyturia without changing the density of urine.

Irritable Bladder Syndrome

Interstitial cystitis is characterized by chronic pelvic pain of uncertain origin, imperative urges. One of the main manifestations is rapid urination during the night and day.