Transport - what is it? Types and purpose of transport

The movement of people and goods is an absolute necessity of society. For their implementation, there are special means - transportation. What he is, even a child knows. Nevertheless, this is a complex system that requires absolute understanding.

The concept of

From the point of view of an integrated approach, the term can be considered as follows:

1. The totality of all existing methods of displacement.
2. Branch of economy and production.
3. System integration of all modes of transportation and related infrastructure.

In the generalized sense, transport is:

• A link between cities, countries and continents;
• The main component of any production;
• A means of moving people, as well as providing them with vital goods.

As a branch of production, it consists of:

• From the subject of labor - the actual transport;
• Means of labor - rolling stock;
• The work performed - the management of them.

Functions

Given the absolute need for it, transport has entered all spheres of life. He has many functions:

1. Economic. Acts as a means of labor in the extraction and provision of the state with minerals: oil, gas, coal, ore, precious metals. Making specialization of productions possible and accessible simultaneously with their co-operation. It represents the main link in the domestic and international trade of any country.
2. Social. It manifests itself in providing opportunities to live, work and relax in different parts of the locality, the country, the mainland, the planet and the simplification of human labor.
3. Cultural significance lies in the possibility of sharing experiences and values, visiting any culturally rich places, replenishing with new works of art.
4. The political role is to establish international and trade relations.
5. Military - in providing the army with the possibilities of peaceful and armed movements, medical care and food.

Thus, regardless of the type and characteristics, transport is an integral part of the state and society.

Classification

All existing modes of movement can be divided into two main groups: the main activity and the service area.

Depending on the environment, the following groups and types are distinguished:

1. Ground: rail, wheel.
2. Underground (underground).
3. Air (aviation).
4. Space.
5. Water and underwater.
6. Pipeline.

By the nature of the service sector, distinguish:

1. Public transport.
2. Special purpose funds.
3. Transport of personal use.

Types of public transport are represented by a combination of rolling stock for the movement of goods and passengers aimed at fulfilling the characteristic economic, social, cultural, and sometimes political functions.

The most important types of public transportation options include rail, road, water, aviation and pipeline transport. What is each of the groups of themselves represents, we will consider further.

Cattle and pack transport

Cargo transportation can be considered the prototype of all land vehicles. From antiquity to the beginning of the twentieth century, he performed all the functions corresponding to the current transport industry. At the same time, it served as an incentive for finding more technologically and efficient ways of moving cargo and passengers.

Depending on the territorial features, horses, donkeys, bulls, elephants, deer, dogs, camels were exploited. Animals were used for riding or harnessed to transport carts, carriages, carriages.

Pack transport was used for off-road (mountains, deserts, taiga) - animals with packs on their backs were led for leashes.

With the development of rail and road traffic, he gradually withdrew from public exploitation, switching to a rare personal use.

Water transport

Sea water transport - also has ancient roots, dating back to the III-II millennium BC. E., And was the only way to realize international trade and the gains of overseas countries.

Today it is divided into sea and river. Its merits include:

• Less energy expenditure than rail and road;
• No need to build communication routes;
• The ability to transport voluminous non-urgent goods over long distances, as well as where the construction of bridges is complicated or too costly.

Disadvantages:

1. Dependence on weather conditions.
2. Low speed of movement.
3. High cost of construction of ports and docks.
4. The possibilities of the river are limited by the patency of rivers.

An important feature of loading and unloading operations is the need to involve several modes of transport within a single port economy, namely road and rail.

Railway transport

It is a cargo and passenger transport, the work of which is based on moving the rolling stock on specially equipped tracks - rails. Its advantages:

1. Versatility, independence from weather conditions, reliability.
2. High cargo and passenger capacity, which allows the movement of large flows in small time intervals.
3. The possibility of direct deliveries from the manufacturer, with the availability of appropriate access roads.
4. Good speed.
5. Comfort of passenger trips.

If we consider the types of freight transport, the railway takes the leading position in the transportation of non-valuable, dimensional cargo, including timber, grain, coal, building materials, and products of the oil refining industry. If necessary, containerization is used.

Disadvantages:

1. Capital intensity and engineering complexity of the construction of communication routes and rolling stock.
2. Limited the direction of railways, maneuvers and the simultaneous movement of several trains.
3. Almost always requires the previous or subsequent use of automotive tools, which is displayed at a total cost.
4. Difficulties of loading and unloading.
5. International traffic is often hampered by the difference in track width.

Freight turnover averages 40-50% in the Russian Federation and 15-20% in the world market. The corresponding passenger turnover in Russia is 30% and 10 - all in the world. Thus, this is a productive and reliable transport.

What is the engine - our ancestors knew. Today its future lies in the electrification of railway lines. Modernization of communication routes and rolling stock along with the integrated introduction of high-speed technologies is a stable prospect for increasing the profitability of the industry.

Automotive

Types of public transport is represented by the automobile industry - the most mobile, technological and exploited. At the same time, it represents personal, special and departmental means of transportation and their infrastructure. The share of Russian road freight flows is only 4-6%, of the world - 8-10%. Passenger transport in the Russian Federation occupies 30-40% of the total, while in the world it is 70-75%.

Pluses:

1. Mobility, the possibility of direct supplies without the use of intermediate types of movement.
2. Advantage in the transportation of valuable, beating and perishable goods, including small volumes.
3. The way food products are delivered, including in hard-to-reach regions.
4. A variety of vehicles for carrying capacity and body type.
5. Good speed, low cost and convenience of passenger movements.
6. Ease of ways.

Disadvantages:

1. Energy intensity, negative impact on the environment.
2. High cost price.
3. Insignificant carrying capacity, in comparison with the capabilities of other types.
4. The minimum degree of passenger comfort.
5. Significant degree of wear of rolling stock.
6. Dependence on traffic safety. The presence of risks, related to downtime and additional capital losses.

Passenger transport is almost half of the automobile. He remains the leader among the variants of displacements within the settlement and the country. For international, and especially intercontinental, railway, water or aviation are used.

Air

Airplanes and helicopters are the highest achievement of a human being, literally and figuratively, greatly simplifying the solution of supercomplex tasks, which include: moving to great distances at high speed, delivering medicines or humanitarian aid to zones of natural disasters and catastrophes, performing complex actions in construction, Fire fighting, evacuation, agriculture and so on.

Pluses:

1. High speed.
2. A decent level of passenger comfort.
3. Possibilities of transportation of valuable and perishable goods.
4. Do not require the construction of communications.

Disadvantages:

1. Low security.
2. The need for the highest qualification of pilots and controllers.
3. Meteozavisimost.
4. Significant capital intensity and cost.
5. Limited freight traffic.

Along with significant risks and high costs, it occupies about 20% of world passenger traffic.

Pipeline

A set of tubular ways of moving liquid and gaseous "goods" over significant distances is represented by pipeline transport. With its help provide interregional, international and intercontinental supply of oil and gas. The work is carried out by means of the differential pressure in the system and their regulation, respectively, transport workers are represented by dispatchers and checkers of points.

Advantages include manufacturability, high productivity and availability in any conditions. The disadvantages are high security and compliance requirements, continuous control and a narrow focus of the system.

It is extremely necessary to provide a comfortable life for the population, since the possibility of convenient cooking and the level of heat in the homes during the cold season depends on its functioning.

The most important system of any society is transport. What is a state without territory and population, without industry, cultural heritage and opportunities for displacement? It is the bloodstream of any country and the world, in general. In it, the trouble is ecology, but, which is quite possible, the salvation of mankind.