Topographical survey: types, purpose and implementation

Most people, after acquiring a land plot, plan to build a country house, a trade center or a building of a certain functional purpose. What documents are needed for such a transaction? First of all, a plan with dimensions, location of buildings and communications, both terrestrial and underground. To make such documentation, a topographic survey of the site is carried out, which provides complete information about the features of the terrain and its geographical coordinates.

As an exception, agricultural land is here, as they are usually bought or leased for the subsequent cultivation of various crops and their sale at trade outlets. However, in some cases, even with such a use of land, it is recommended to make a topographic survey in order to determine a conditional zero point. It is in relation to it that the site will be investigated for geographic features, such as ravines, hills, ditches and others.

Topographic survey - what is it?

To obtain accurate site plans or original maps of the terrain, a certain set of works is carried out, which is called topographic surveying. All received measurements comply with the standard and are provided in the form of the generally accepted GOST 22268-76.

There are three types of land survey:

- planned;

- high-altitude;

- combined.

For example, horizontal (planned) determines the coordinates of the terrain relative to the surface of the Earth, vertical - the height of these points.

Topographical survey allows you to measure the exact distance of a certain section, its angles and so on. To perform this work, special tools are used.

Varieties of topographic survey

Based on the scale of today there are the following types of topographic survey:

• Poderedvnaya - is carried out in the arrangement of the landscape, indicating the exact location of the growing trees on the site plan.
• 1: 200 - super-large. It is used in the construction of building sites and allows you to get the most accurate dimensions of the various structures and other elements present on it.
• 1: 500 - "five hundred". This type is used to draw up detailed drawings and a master plan for the location of utilities that run along the construction site.
• 1: 2000 - this scale of topographic survey is used to create plans and schemes for settlements (settlements and urban microdistricts) and large manufacturing enterprises.

Types of topographic survey depending on the technological process

Topographical survey can be conditionally divided into types, taking into account the equipment used during these works:

• Theodolite - a ground survey complex intended for obtaining metric data, is produced with the help of range finders and theodolite;
• Stereotopographic - characterized by the receipt of primary information using a stereopair;
• The topographic survey is carried out with such equipment as range finders and bussoles;
• Mensulnaya - is carried out with the help of silica gel and the crucible;
• Aerial photography - allows you to obtain a photographic image using aircraft;
• Digital - the process of obtaining an optical image, which is subsequently transmitted to a specific medium;
• Sonar survey allows you to obtain information about the bottom of various water bodies, is performed sonar.

The purpose of topographic surveying and surveying

Before construction, geodesic work is mandatory, as well as subsequent shooting. The first are necessary for obtaining accurate indicators of distances, heights and angles, determining the area of the site, its boundaries and geographic coordinates. But a professional topographic survey is conducted with the goal of creating maps and charts of construction and other sites. With its help, you can build an accurate digital 3D model of the area. Most often, large-scale surveys are used. Thanks to her, it was possible to design landscape designs, update master plans and draw up blueprints.

Topographic survey procedure

If a geodetic work is necessary at a construction site, then it is necessary to know the procedure for carrying out such a procedure in order to correctly perform all necessary training. The execution of a topographic survey consists of several successive stages:

1. Preparatory. The contract is concluded, the necessary documentation is prepared and the relevant authorities are visited to obtain permission to perform these works.
2. Field. At this stage, the shooting is performed.
3. The final is the final step, on which a technical report and plan is drawn up, and the work is done.

As can be seen from the last stage, the customer after completing all the necessary manipulations receives a ready-made topographic plan and a detailed report. It is important to know that the total cost and quality of the topographic survey is completely dependent on the features of the terrain and its area, therefore it is recommended to order the preliminary geodetic services in full. Only in this case the obtained results of the work will make it easier for specialists to carry out the topographic survey.