The Yenisei River. Economic Utilization and General Characteristics

A broad and powerful river Yenisei. How many poems are devoted to her, how many paintings and even monuments! The unprecedented power of the Yenisei, its beauty always inspired writers, poets and artists.

General characteristics of the river

The Yenisei received its name from the Evenk "Ionesis", which means "big water". The name of the river from other peoples is: Enzai'am, Hook, Hem, Kim.

From the confluence of the Big and Small Yenisei, the length of the river is 3487 km. The length of the waterway is 5075 km (Idare - Selenga - Baikal - Angara - Yenisei). The area of the basin is 2,580 km ², according to this index the Yenisei is the second largest river in Russia and the seventh in the world. Like most rivers of this territory, the Yenisei has asymmetric shores. The left bank is flat, and the right side is steep and almost 6 times higher.

This river is the natural border between Eastern and Western Siberia. To the left of the river are the plains of Western Siberia, and the right side of the mountain taiga begins. Yenisei flows through all climatic zones of Siberia: in the upper reaches of the river there are camels, and in the lower reaches live polar bears.

This powerful river originates in the city of Kyzyl, where they merge into one two rivers - the Big and the Lesser Yenisei. The first 188 km of the river is called the Upper Yenisei. Within the Tuvinian basin, the river is riddled with ruts, broken into many hoses, and the width reaches 650 m. The depth at the ruts is 1 m, on the reaches - 12 m.

At the mouth of the Lower Tunguska, the width of the Yenisey River valley reaches 40 km.

Sopochnaya Karga is the estuary of the river. The Yenisei Delta begins near the village of Ust-Port. There are several main branches: Small Yenisei, Big Yenisei, Stone Yenisei and Okhotsk Yenisei.

At the Kara Sea, the Yenisei forms a bay.

Water regime of the Yenisei River

This river has a mixed type of food, but snow predominates, its share is about 50%, the share of rain - 38%, underground (in the upper reaches of the river) - 16%. Ledostav begins to form in October.

Flood begins in April - May. During a spring ice drift, congestion may form. The water level at this time can range from 5 m in the extended upper reaches of the river, up to 16 m in narrowed sections.

The Yenisei River ranks first among the rivers of Russia in terms of runoff. It is 624 km³.

The average water discharge is 19800 m3 / s (at the mouth), the maximum is at the river Igarka - 154,000 m3 / s.

The tributaries of the Yenisei

Left: Abakan, Kas, Khemchik, Sym, Kantegir, Dubce, Turukhan, Tanama, Big and Small Heta, Elogui

Right: Us, Tuba, Sisim, Kebezh, Mana, Angara, Kahn, Bolshoy Pete, Bakhta, Podkamennaya and Lower Tunguska, Dudinka, Khantayka, Kureika.

These are the largest tributaries, they are used on the farm, like the Yenisei River. The economic use of these waters is very important for humans.

Settlements

Cities: Kyzyl, Sayanogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Shagonar, Minusinsk, Sosnovoborsk, Lesosibirsk, Zheleznogorsk, Yeniseysk, Dudinka, Igarka.

Small settlements: Karaul, Ust-Port, Cheryomushki, Shushenskoye, Main, Berezovka, Kazachinsky, Ust-Abakan, Kureika, Turukhan.

Yenisei River - economic use of water

Economic use of the Yenisei plays an important role for the country. This river is an important waterway of the whole Krasnoyarsk Territory. Throughout 3013 km (from Sayanogorsk to the mouth) the river is navigable constantly.

The main ports are Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Maklakovo, Strelka, Turukhansk, Ust-Port, Igarka, Yeniseisk, Kyzyl and others.

The Ob-Yenisei Canal, which connected the two largest rivers of Russia, was built at the end of the 19th century. It was very important, like the Yenisei River. Economic use of the canal: it was accompanied by the rafting of the forest, transportation of minerals extracted. Currently, the channel is abandoned and is not used.

The use of the Yenisei River by man has a considerable influence on the ecological situation, considering that several reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations have been built on the river.

HPP: Krasnoyarskaya, Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya.

The Yenisei River. Economic use and its protection

Economic use of the Yenisei has a negative impact not only on the waters of the river itself, but also on nearby lands. There is either waterlogging of agricultural land located next to the river, or, conversely, the water level of the Yenisey falls and depletion of nearby territories occurs. As a result of all this, a number of archaeological and natural monuments and biocenoses were destroyed. A large number of people were forced to resettle. Many plants growing on the banks of the river or in the river itself were destroyed.

Uncontrolled fishing leads to a decrease in species diversity.

An enormous role was played by the Yenisei River earlier.

The economic use of its waters at nuclear power plants led to the radiation contamination of water in the river. So in the 1950s several nuclear reactors were put into operation at the mining chemical plant, which used water from this river. After cleaning the nuclear reactors, the water was discharged back into the river.

The use of the Yenisei River by man leads to the fact that its waters are littered with various garbage (both domestic and petroleum products). Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to protect the environment in order to preserve the flora and fauna of the river and the purity of its waters.