The types of connection of sentences in the text. Means and types of communication between sentences of text

With the concept of "text", each of us faces regularly. However, not everyone can give a clear definition of this seemingly simple concept.
At the lessons of the Russian language, we heard more than once that a text is a few sentences, fastened with a semantic and grammatical link.

In this article we will find the answer to the question "What are the types and means of communication of sentences in the text?". We will refresh theoretical knowledge and consider some illustrative examples.

What are the types of connection proposals in the text?

Let us turn to the grammatical rules of the Russian language. In modern science, there are the following types of connection of sentences in the text: chain, parallel.

The most common way to join phrases is the first. Chain (its other names: serial, linear) communication is widely used in texts of any type of speech. This is explained by the fact that the linear type does not conflict with the usual way of thinking people. With the help of chain communication, the speaker has the opportunity to express himself consistently, gradually developing the thought.

Features of chain connection type

For the chain type of communication are characteristic:

• Replacement of adjectives, nouns, numerals, used in the first sentence, pronouns in the following;
• Use of synonymous words and phrases;
• Lexical and syntactic repetitions;
• Pronominal adverbs;
• Unions and union words.

In order to easily determine the types of linkages of sentences in the text, several examples should be considered:

1. Once I got seriously ill. The fever tormented me for several days. Completely exhausted by the disease, I called a doctor. He arrived in the evening, examined me and prescribed treatment.
2. In the far-distant kingdom lived a beautiful princess. Her hair was golden, like the sun. And the face is white, like fresh milk. The girl was more beautiful than the first spring flower.

Both texts are a vivid example of a linear connection. Each sentence is connected to the following with the help of synonyms, allied words, pronouns, lexical repetitions.

Parallel Communication

As we know, there are two common ways of combining sentences in the text. Let us pass to the acquaintance with the second.

With a parallel (centralized) method of communication, sentences in the text do not depend on each other. Each phrase is considered independent in its content. But it can also be part of enumeration, comparison or opposition.

Parallel communication is most often used in narrative and narrative texts. This is due to the fact that the centralized type is perfectly suitable for a one-time story about several phenomena, objects, events.

For sentences using a parallel form of communication, the following are typical:

• The same structure of construction (the same wording order);
• The use of verbs of one form in each phrase.

Let's consider some examples of sentences with a parallel connection type. Such a practice will help you cope with tasks from the category: "Identify the types of supply of the sentence in the text."

1. It was a beautiful summer day. The sun lit a dusty road with warm rays. Bright glare flashed through the green foliage. Somewhere in the distance the birds sang slowly.
2. Varvara was driving to work in the old bus. The weather was gloomy. The rain was pouring, not ceasing, for several hours already. And the girl has already begun to seem, as if he will never end. But suddenly the clouds dispersed, and a modest ray of sun appeared.

The presented examples refer to two types of speech: description and narrative. Proposals in both are independent. They are not a direct continuation of each other.

Phrases are similar in the model of their construction: first comes the subject, then - the predicate. In addition to the characteristic parallel structure, verbs in the form of a single or plural of past tense were used in each example.

Are there any other types of linkages in the text?

In some Internet sources, there is a third type of combination of independent phrases in the text - affiliation. With this form of communication, part of the statement becomes independent, concretizing and supplementing the basic information.

Recognize this type can be based on the use of characteristic for him the writing and connecting unions: even, mainly, especially, in particular, in particular, for example, first of all.

Let's consider some offers:

1. All the objects in the room, especially clothes and books, were untidily scattered.
2. Everyone in the house was extremely embarrassed, especially my uncle.

With the example of these phrases it is clear that the part of the statement responsible for the detailed elaboration of the main idea becomes isolated and independent. However, it does not become an independent proposal.

From the works of well-known Russian linguists L. V. Shcherba, V. V. Vinogradov, one can find out that joining works only inside the phrase and does not refer to the types of connection between sentences in the text.

Combining types of communication

It should be remembered that parallel and chain types of connections can occur not only singly. Quite often, there are voluminous texts with various types of communication.

Depending on what the author wants to say, he uses a certain type of connection of sentences in the text. For example, to describe nature, he chooses a parallel method. And for a story about how the day went, - a chain.

Means of communication. What are they like?

We have learned what kinds of links offer in the text. Identified their characteristics and learned to recognize. Now go to the second part of our plan.

The means of communication of sentences in the text are divided into three large groups: lexical, morphological, syntactic. With each of them we will get acquainted and consider examples for better mastering the topic.

Lexical communication facilities

To this group in modern Russian language are:

1. Lexical repetitions of words or phrases. This technique is used quite often, since it gives the text a special expressiveness. Example: "The boy took a book for home reading in the library. The book was very exciting. "
2. Rooted words in neighboring sentences. For example: "The spring day was so beautiful! It's not for nothing that spring is called the most beautiful season of the year. "
3. Synonyms. Often found in artistic and journalistic texts. Make speech more expressive, colorful. For example: "His novel was well received by critics. The work was also appreciated by devoted readers. "
4. Antonyms (including contextual ones). Here is an example: "He had many friends. Foes are an order of magnitude smaller. "
5. Descriptive turns, replacing one of the words of the previous sentence: "He looked at the sky. The blue dome hit the youth with its immensity. "

Morphological means of communication

Let us consider what morphological means of communication of sentences in the text can meet us:

1. Personal pronouns in the form of a third person: "I've been waiting for my best friend for an hour. She, as always, was late. "
2. The demonstrative pronouns. For example: "I really like the red dress. It seems that it is impossible to remain unnoticed in such a dress. "
3. Pronominal adverbs. Let's give an example: "Alexander just had to pretend that he has a great mood. So he behaved himself. "
4. Particles, unions. Let's consider an example: "Everyone liked my mother's soup very much. Only my brother, as always, refused to eat the first dish. "
5. Observance of the unity of the form and time of verbs. For example: "We decided to have a romantic dinner. Prepared a delicious dessert. We set the table. The candles were lit. "
6. Adjectives and adverbs, used in the form of a comparative degree: "The day was just wonderful. It seemed that it is better and does not happen. "
7. Adverbs with the meaning of time, place. Example: "Today he looked wonderful. Not at all like five years ago. "

Syntactic means of communication

The group of syntactic means include:

1. Introductory words and constructions. For example: "Firstly, he was too young. Secondly, he is too stupid. "
2. Incomplete sentences. For example: "Today was a disgusting weather. Because of the pouring rain. "
3. Syntactic parallelism (using the same construction to construct neighboring sentences). Example: "You have to be wise. We must be responsible. "
4. Parcellulation (division of the sentence into several parts for greater expressiveness). Let's consider an example: "To be successful, one must become responsible, purposeful. We need to change our approach to business. "
5. Combining the direct and reverse order of words: "I will wait for you to return. You will return, and we will live happily. "
6. The use of clipping proposals starting with "we will move on to the next part", "this has already been mentioned above", "as noted earlier".

We learned how the means and types of communication between sentences of the text happen. And they fixed theoretical knowledge, analyzing examples.

Now, having stumbled upon the task "Determine what types and means of communication occur in the text ," you can easily cope with it.