The device of the vessel. General arrangement of vessels and their main elements

The design of the ship is a responsible task, which confronts the employees of the marine fleet. They must fully ensure cargo and passenger flows. All tasks can be effectively solved only with the help of a qualitative improvement of the fleet. You can improve old ships or build modern models.

What vessels exist?

Today there is a wide variety of ships that have different types. This is due to the fact that they were intended for different purposes, as well as the conditions for their further exploitation. That is why specialists face such tasks as ship design specialization, organization of construction and repair, implementation of new standardization, planning of further transportation, as well as performance of comparative economic calculation. Ship models can be classified according to the following characteristics:

• As a means of transportation, non-self-propelled and self-propelled vehicles are distinguished.
• Mode of movement - ships that float above the water with an air cushion, as well as on the surface of the water. There are devices that can easily move underwater - these are submarines.
• Housing condition. Among the huge range are models that have a rigid, elastic and inflatable body.
• The main material of the case. During production, steel, light metal alloys, plastics, wood, reinforced concrete structures, elastic or composite materials can be used.
• Area of navigation. There are sea vessels and seafaring.
• The genus of the main power plant. Models of ships include such a device, because it helps to drive it. It is possible to single out a steamer that has a piston or turbine steam installation. An internal combustion engine is installed on the ships.

Civil vessels

Ships that have a civilian purpose are represented in the form of transport or fishing vessels. They were created to maximally maintain peaceful relations between different states. These sea vessels provide foreign trade, business and cultural relations, help to extract products from the sea, and also process it. They are equipped with special equipment for the transportation of industrial goods or food. Civil vessels are equipped with various additional devices, which depend on their further designation:

1. A transport or merchant ship. They can carry passengers or a small amount of urgent cargo - this is mail, parcels, luggage and much more. Transport vessels of line navigation can make regular flights between several ports. They are also called liners. A cargo ship carries a cargo on an indeterminate line, can swim in any direction.
2. Fishing vessel. With the help of such a design, it is possible to extract products from the sea, that is, fish, sea animals, algae. A fishing vessel allows people to process products from the sea into semi-finished products or any other finished product. It also transports it to a floating or coastal base.
3. Research vessels. They are designed to perform scientific and research work on the high seas or the ocean. This includes special equipped and adapted underwater or surface vessels.
4. Training ship. It serves for employees who perform swimming practice. It is often used by persons who study in special educational institutions. These sea vessels are necessarily equipped with laboratories, training rooms, as well as auditoriums where it is possible to carry out practical mastering of the questions.

What form should ships have?

Each type of vessel has an appropriate hull shape, which depends on a large number of factors. This includes the main purpose of the vessel, the conditions for its further operation, speed, quality and many other parameters. The hull of the vessel is an elongated body that has curved surfaces. They help to create a streamlined shape that will reduce the resistance of water and air during the movement of the structure.

The front part of the vessel is called the bow and is built taking into account the established rules of shipbuilding. To a ship that floats on an agitated water surface, does not go inside the wave, all sides of the hull must be slightly expanded in height. Specialists pay special attention to comb-type propellers and steering wheels, which should provide the best working conditions.

The basic principle of creating a theoretical drawing

Before the construction of the theoretical drawing begins, the designer must imagine the intersection of the hull lines. It is necessary to use auxiliary, parallel, diametral and basic planes. Sectional lines should form the frame of the shell, which will give a clear and maximum understanding of the shape of the structure. The resulting projection includes sides, latitude and main body.

The projection of the section of the hull has the form of straight lines, which will form a grid of the theoretical drawing. When a person performs the construction of this grid, then the structural waterlines must be divided into twenty equal parts. They mean space, and with the help of division it is possible to carry out theoretical frames. The structure of the vessel is quite complicated, therefore only qualified specialists should work on the design.

Numbering is performed by moving lines from the bow to the stern. When the original of the theoretical drawing is ready, it is necessary to remove all the resulting coordinates of the points of intersection of the curved lines and the grid. They are useful for translating the scale of the drawing into real dimensions. All received data should be recorded in a specially designed journal, which includes tables of plasmatic ordinates. Later they are used in shipbuilding plants, as well as special workshops. Here experts have a floor in the form of a drawing board, which is called a plaz. It is presented in its full size and is divided according to the theoretical drawing. During shipbuilding, all templates and dimensions are removed from the plaza to make the hull parts.

What additional devices are equipped with fishing vessels?

Industrial vessels are used for fishing for fish, seals, whales, walruses, and many other living resources from the sea. A fishing vessel occupies the third part of the world civilian fleet. It is possible to distinguish the following types of fishing vessels that are equipped with special devices:

• Seiner is a design by which you can fish using the seine. Catch is carried out by means of a cargo arrow.
• Trawler. It is unique in its design, the vessel that helps to fish with the use of a trawl is a network represented in the form of a large bag.
• Drifter. Today, this ship is in great demand, because it allows you to fish in the drift. Equipped with a flat mesh.
• Floating fish cans and bases. The presented designs go to the open sea and are engaged in fish processing directly into canned food. There are grids, trawls, processing and refrigeration equipment.
• Whaling ships. They are used to maximize effective whaling. In most cases, they enter the sea in whole groups, as well as in flotillas. These ships are equipped with large and reliable networks that withstand heavy weight.
• Scow. The presented structures conduct fishing with the help of seine. They exit into the Black and Caspian Sea and work on diesel fuel.

Features of a military ship

Today you can find different ships and ships. But among such a wide variety are the military design designs that belong to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. They necessarily draw external signs that distinguish such vessels from civilians. Among the command staff there must necessarily be an officer who is at the service of the Russian government. The surname and the name of the officer must necessarily be on the list of servicemen.

A military ship includes army equipment and equipment. The structure of the vessels represented is distinguished by the availability of military equipment. It will be used in case of an attack on the protected territory.

Arrangement of transport vessels

Sea transport is considered the most profitable and in demand. It will help translate cargo in intercontinental messages. A transport ship has the main specialization - it is transportation of large quantities of goods. This includes large, bulk, as well as bulk cargo. If it is a question of foodstuff, during transportation it is necessary to observe a certain temperature mode and there is no vibration.

One can distinguish the most common vessels that are equipped with additional devices:

• Dry cargo can carry a variety of products. To carry out transportation of meat and fish products, vegetables and fruits, these vessels are additionally equipped with a refrigeration unit.
• Tankers are designed to carry cargo that has a liquid or gaseous state. Enterprises and plants can transport oil products, chemical goods, fertilizers, and liquefied gas. There is a compartment for the transport of a particularly dangerous cargo.
• Container trucks. They can carry containers such as containers. These ships are equipped with necessary navigation equipment. It will help to place, fasten and check the fastening of the cargo during its transportation. The ship's structure has the necessary additional beams and ceilings for reliability.
• Bulk carriers will help to transport bulk and bulk cargoes, such as grain, ore, and coal.
• Rollers are special purpose vessels. They are widely used for horizontal or mixed way of loading goods.
• Ferries transport the equipment downstairs. The main difference is the transportation of passengers, wheeled vehicles, as well as carriages for the railway.

Small vessels: the device

During the construction of the construction of vessels pay special attention. The hull is the main part of any modern vessel, it includes plating and deck decking. It is these components that are able to give the vessel the necessary shape and at the same time to provide such indicators as strength, waterproofness and rigidity of the vessel. It is these functions that determine the design of a small boat.

The kit is a specific power structure, which consists of joints of longitudinal and transverse bonds or beams. When they are interconnected, a finished frame is obtained. It serves as a supporting contour, which is intended for sheets of outer skin, deck. The frame determines the further stability and rigidity of the vessel.

You can select several systems for the hull package. Their classification depends on the direction of the main beam:

• Transversal.
• Longitudinal.
• Longitudinal-transversal.

What is the system used to build a small vessel?

During the construction of a small vessel, only a transverse beam set system is used. Specialists use frames, flora on the bottom, as well as beams under the deck. The number of longitudinal beams used during the transverse set-up system is small. They are used for cross-connection. The total number of beams does not exceed five, and this includes vertical keels and stringer.

The set of the bottom of the ship includes intersecting longitudinal and transverse connections. In the extremities of the ship there must be a keel, which joins the stems. To reduce the swing of the ship several times during the rolling, it is necessary to attach a side keel. It can have a diverse design and serve as a longitudinal link. In most cases, it does not extend in its width for the conventional dimensions of the hull.

Steering gear

Without control, there can not be any sea transport. The steering gear of ships is a set of important mechanisms, as well as devices that ensure the ship's holding afloat. Such a device includes a steering machine, sector, screw or hydraulic actuators. Today there are designs that have a basic and manual power steering.

The structure of the vessel, and the steering control in particular, must meet the following requirements:

• The maximum permissible angle for the rudder shift is not more than 35 degrees. For ships of the river fleet this value can be 45 degrees.
• The duration of the rudder shift from vessels can not be more than 28 seconds.
• Each steering machine must fully ensure the reliable and correct operation of the steering device during the pitching of the vessel.