The connection of words in a word combination. Ways of connecting words

In this article, we will talk about what is the relationship of words in a phrase, what kinds of them exist, how they differ from each other. This topic requires some terminological explanation.

In particular, in order to understand what are the ways of linking words, it is first necessary to determine what the term "phrase" itself is. After this, we turn to the question of what is the relationship of words in the phrase. "Lesson" will continue our detailed consideration of management, alignment and contiguity and will end with a small clue that you can use to not make a mistake in their definition.

Note that this is a very important topic, because the USE pays much attention to the question of what is the connection of words in the phrase. This test in all cases includes the definition of communication types.

Definition of the term "word combination"

A phrase is a combination of two or more words related grammatically and in meaning, serving to partition a definite single concept (action, quality of an object or the subject itself, etc.).

It is a unit of syntax that performs a communicative function (in other words, enters speech) only in the composition of some sentence.

Today, it is generally accepted that the word combinations are compounds of certain words precisely on the basis of subordination, that is, there must necessarily be two components-the main and dependent member. Some of the researchers of the linguistic structure also include combinations of homogeneous members of the sentence in a separate group - word combinations, but we will adhere to the traditional classification and exclude them from our consideration also because in order for control, harmonization and adjacency to take place, that is Ways of communication of words that are of interest to us, it is necessary that the significant parts of speech are connected by a subordinate connection.

Grammatical homonymy

Consider, for example, the combination of the words "read to yourself." There is an effect of the so-called grammatical homonymy. To this phrase you can ask two questions: "Read about whom?" And "Read how?". In the latter case, when reading is not meant aloud, "about itself" appears as an adverb, and this is an immutable word, so it adjoins the main. In the second case, when there is a value of "about yourself", the dependent part of speech is used in some case form, that is, it is controlled by the main one, and therefore it will be already management.

Let us also recall that in a sentence words can be connected either by a subordinate or by a cohesive bond, since there are two of them: submission and composition.

What is an essay?

A composition is a combination of elements independent of each other or syntactically equal. This can be a link in the simple sentence of homogeneous members (slowly but surely, cats and dogs) or parts of the sentence (complex unionized or compound).

What is submission?

Submission is the connection of unequal syntactic elements (parts of a compound sentence, and also of individual words in it).

In the phrase there is only a subordinate connection between significant parts of speech. Therefore, when it is proposed to find coordination, control or adjacency in the text, that is, connections with the subordinate connection, one can immediately remove from the circle of our search the combination of the subject and the predicate (that is, the grammatical basis of the given sentence), compound verbal and nominal predicates and introductory words . It is the latter that should be paid special attention, since subordinate connections in one form or another may have introductory sentences and word combinations. Examples: "Something flashed in the sky, maybe lightning." Here "maybe" is the opening word. And such expressions as "it seems to me" and "according to her words" are introductory sentences and combinations.

Harmonization, contiguity and management are the main types of subordinate communication.

Harmonization: Definition

Harmonization is such a connection of words in a word combination in which the principal dependent is compared in its form, that is, it is used in the same number, gender and case as that to which it relates - a noun or another part of speech in its meaning: "expensive Accompanying "or" not any "then" written through a hyphen ". When the main changes, the dependent word also changes.

What words can be dependent upon agreement?

In the text, it is not difficult to find a combination with this type of connection, if we remember that only the variable parts of speech are the subordinate word (that is, the dependent): pronouns (from your statement), relative (in what way), indicative (All the consequences, all the good), pronouns negative (by any means), indefinite (some comrades), adjectives (heavy burden, total lack of freedom, heavy burden), full of sacrament (bushuyu) Hurricane), as well as ordinal numerals (the twentieth year) and nouns that are consistent applications, correlated in number and case with the main word (if the corresponding noun can vary in numbers); The genus is always the same for them, so similar phrases can not be agreed on this attribute. Examples: in the house-new building, mother-teacher.

Substantivized words

From adjectives and participles participating in such a connection of significant parts of speech as coordination, it is necessary to distinguish also the so-called substantivized words, that is, participles and adjectives, which have already become nouns: "It applies equally to the bad and to the good." Two of these concepts ("bad" and "good") form with the main word a combination called management, because they are nouns in this context. We ask the question: "Refers to what?". And we answer: "Both to the bad and to the good."

Cardinal numbers

A special case is represented in the composition of word combinations as numerals. In them they usually appear in the function of dependent words, but not always. For example, in accusative and nominative cases, such numerals are always the main member, and in other forms - subordinates. You can compare the following sentences: "I worked for twenty years at school" and "I work until six o'clock". In the combination of the words "up to six hours" the numeral "six" in the genitive case is a dependent word. You can ask the question: "How many hours do you work?". And answer: "Up to six." In the expression "twenty years" the main word is the numeral "twenty". The question is the following: "Twenty what?". And answer: "Twenty years." This case is management. In Russian, this word combination is very often used.

Management: Definition

We gradually got to consider the following type of connection of two significant parts of speech. Control is the connection of words in a word combination, characterized by the fact that the dependent word (noun or other part of speech in its function: substantivized word, pronoun, numeral (look at both / on seated / on him / at friend)) is put in a certain case form With or without a preposition), which is due to the main term, its lexical-grammatical meaning. Such a word can be a noun, a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a numeral numeral in the accusative or nominative case, the words of the category of state.

In other words, the main thing from the dependent requires a certain case form.

Note that in the very term "management" there is already a hint that Russian word combinations of this kind are characterized by the management of one word by another.

Management Features

With this kind of connection, the dependent members always answer the questions of oblique cases: "remembered the story", "they had to let go of it," "stayed day," "it seemed on the road," and others.

We draw attention to the fact that some Russian phrases, in spite of the fact that they can be asked by others, namely circumstantial, questions (stayed (where?) And (on what?) On the regime) is precisely the management, since it points to this The presence of prepositions in them.

Thus, a preposition is always a sign that this phrase is a management, and not an adjunction.

Adjunction: Definition

Let us now consider the last type of connection. Adjoining is a kind of connection of words in a phrase combination, in which grammatical, and not lexically (that is, meaning) expresses the dependence of a subordinate word, intonation and the order of their following. Only immutable parts of speech can adjoin: it is an infinitive, an adverb, an unalterable adjective (khaki) and its comparative degree, while a simple (older children), a noun serving as an uncoordinated appendix (for example, in the newspaper Moskovskye vedomosti), possessive pronouns Them, her, his. Remembering this, one can easily find in the text the connection of words in the phrase "adjacency". After all, the term itself is transparent: the dependent explains the main thing, joins it.

Features of contiguity

The main word in such combinations can be a verb, a noun, an adjective, an adverb, a participle and a gerund.

It is necessary to pay special attention to the connection of words with the possessive pronouns of it, its, them, as they, unlike the forms of personal pronouns, homonymous to them, do not change, therefore they act only in such a connection as contiguity. For example: "Tomorrow they were supposed to let her go." Here "her" is a form of the personal pronoun "she" in the genitive case, therefore before us in this case the connection is management. And in another sentence - "Her eyes were blue" - this is already a possessive pronoun, which is immutable, therefore it is connected with the main word with the help of contiguity.

A special case of abutting

A special case of this type of communication is when the infinitive acts as a dependent word: "I demand respect for decency." In this sentence, the phrase "I demand to observe" is not a compound verbal predicate, since this action is carried out by different persons (subjects): I demand, and you will be observed / he / they, etc., therefore, other persons / person in this case Are a complement, not part of a compound predicate.

In compound sentences, allied words are relative pronouns "whose", "which", "which", "how many", "what", "who" in the forms of indirect cases (the same parts of speech in simple ones act as interrogative), and also Adverbs as to how, why, why, where, when, where, where - are also addicted in phrases with different types of communication.

Summing up

Thus, when determining which type to include an expression, you can use the following clue:

When agreed, the main word to the dependent has three requirements - number, gender and case;

At management there is only one requirement - case;

When adjoining nothing is required.

It will help you better remember information about what a word is in a word combination, a table.