Styles of the literary language. Styles of the modern Russian literary language

People communicate through language. It is a method of expressing and forming feelings and thoughts. Language is a means of learning new information and knowledge, an instrument of effective influence on feelings and reason. To implement these functions, a native speaker needs to have a good command of it. In man, in other words, speech culture should be developed . As a means of expressing thoughts and feelings, a voice message or printed text can be spoken. Styles of the literary language can interact with each other. Thus, in some publications, instruments of different genres can be used. Next, we will analyze what styles of literary language exist and why they are needed.

Terminology

The word "style" has ancient Greek roots. In those days, they wrote on waxen plates with the help of a needle - stiletto. Stylistics refers to a specific section of vocabulary. In its framework, the study of the specific features of the use of means of expressing thoughts and feelings, depending on the situation, goals and content of utterances, conditions and spheres of communication. The section explores directly the styles of the literary language, introduces them to all levels. Discipline studies the organization of correct, expressive, logical and accurate speech. The lesson "Styles of the literary language in the school" teaches the appropriate and conscious use of lexical laws and means.

Directions

Linguistic style studies language and speech. The first direction introduces the structure of the vocabulary. Linguistic, grammatical and phraseological means are also studied. The second direction, first of all, explores the various types of speech, as well as their conditioning by different purposes of the utterance. Stylistics in its core must have a consistently functional character. With its help, the connection of various speech species with the purpose, subject matter of the utterance, the addressee, the conditions of communication, and the relation of the author directly to the subject should be revealed.

Basic concepts

The most important categories of the discipline are the styles of the literary language. They are used in various spheres of public life. Style - a kind of literary language, through which the expression of thoughts and feelings in the process of communication. Each of them is characterized not only by a unique set of means, but also by their unique combination. There are different functional styles of modern literary language. In total, they are allocated five. More "closed" is the official-business style of the literary language. The most common in everyday life is conversational. There is also the scientific style of the literary language. He is referred to a written-book speech type. A special place is occupied by the artistic style of the literary language. This is due to the variety of tools used to create images to affect the feelings and mind of readers. The notion of scientific style is quite broad. It combines various types of publications in their form, diverse in content and purpose. The publicistic style of the literary language is considered a communicative means of communication. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Oral form

All its distinctive features can be attributed entirely to the conversational style. However, this concept should not be confused with the definition of "oral speech." The latter is considered to be a broader phenomenon. Conversational style is realized mainly in oral speech. However, it may also contain other genres. To them, for example, include a report, a lecture, a report and so on.

Main features

Conversational style differs ease of presentation, its expressiveness, concreteness. The author expresses a subjective attitude to the above. The colloquial style is characterized by the direct influence of various extralinguistic elements.

Lexical groups

There are only two of them. The first include spoken common words. They, in turn, also form subgroups and categories. So, they sing colloquial everyday and literary vocabulary. To the first there is a vernacular. This subgroup consists of two categories. To the first belong vernaculars, located on the border of literary use. It is inherently rough, domestic, somewhat familiar. For example, often they say instead of potatoes - potatoes, instead of guilty - to be punished and so on. The second category includes crude, extra-literary vocabulary. For example, instead of trying to get - to drive up, instead of walking around - to hang out, hang about. This category can also include vulgarisms, as well as abusive words. For example, kholui, die, die, and others. Such elements are used, as a rule, in depicting negative life phenomena. The second subgroup includes such categories as professionalism (names of animal species, for example, brown bear - fescue, vulture, ant, etc.), dialectisms (stubble - stubble, squirrel - a century, etc.), slang words (nature is an open-air , Pleasure - plesir, etc.), argotic vocabulary (young - salaga, betray - split, etc.). A large number of jargon appeared in the speech of the ruling class even before the revolution. Some of them survived from the declassed elements. The slang vocabulary has a connection with the age community of certain generations. For example, young people are popular with such words as "pair" (deuce), "cheat sheet" and others. It should be noted that the described bits differ in a narrow sphere of propagation.

Common words

This is the main layer of the colloquial style. It includes two categories of words. This, in particular, is common and, in fact, colloquial. These categories are close enough to each other - the existing boundary between them is very mobile, unsteady and often barely perceptible. This is indicated by the presence of different marks in different dictionaries. So, for example, such words as "really", "squatting" in the explanatory dictionary of the Ushakov editorial board are related to colloquial, and in the edition of the Contemporary literary Russian language - to the colloquial. Some elements are marked with a double notation. This is due to the fact that a large number of common dialectisms pass into the category of common words.

Characteristics and syntax

In the colloquial style, words with emotionally expressive features predominate. They can be caressing, scornful, diminutive, abusive, ironic and other. As for the syntax, it is characterized by incompleteness, silence, a large number of incomplete sentences, numerous repetitions. Use plug-in designs, exclamations, questions, including rhetorical ones, as summing up or one of the forms of emotional affirmation. Also inversion is applied for different parts of speech. This is especially true for adjectives that act as definitions in nominal word combinations.

Clarity and accuracy of presentation

The styles of the modern Russian literary language are distinguished by the variety of means used within them. Some of the features of one form of presentation can be found in some others. However, not all styles of the literary language interact with each other. Some means of communication are not applicable in one category or another. As mentioned above, the official-business style is considered the most reserved of all. It combines all sorts of documents. This is both business correspondence and official state acts. In the sources one can find certain differences in language. They depend on the purpose of the documents themselves. However, despite their availability, this style as a whole is characterized by many specific features. Among them, in particular, include accuracy, clarity, imperative, objectivity and completeness of utterance, concreteness and clarity of formulation. All these properties are due to the main purpose of the documents - to ensure the receipt of information on indisputable facts. For the official business style, laconism and consistency of presentation are also characteristic, as well as special forms in accordance with which the material is located.

Heterogeneity of documents

Without a specific standard form, some papers lose their legal value. This group can, for example, include a passport. Others print as a template. Such papers include, for example, forms. But some may not have standard stable forms. This group includes reports, business correspondence, protocols and so on.

Features of the documentary presentation

At the lexical level, in particular, there are original words and phraseology, which other styles of literary language do not have. To such it is possible to carry the following: lives, the person (person), is given (given), occupies the area (lives) and others. Also for the documents is not characteristic emotional coloring. They do not contain elements that are rich in other styles of literary language. For example, there are no colloquial words. In this genre, linguistic standards are widespread. They often use odious pretexts: at the expense of, in order, in the field, from the side, and others with verbal nouns. Other verbal stencils are also used, which are quite appropriate in some varieties of style. For this genre is characterized by the use of both "high" vocabulary, and elements in the figurative, rather than in direct meaning. For example, the state, now, has departed and others. They give speech significance and solemnity. In a number of documents for international purposes, complimentary vocabulary is used. For example, such appeals are popular: Madam, Your Excellency, Their Highness and others.

The second, relatively closed genre of presentation

In this case it is a scientific style. It includes articles in narrowly focused journals, monographs, reference and encyclopedic, industrial and technical educational publications, abstracts, annotations and others. The main features of the scientific style should first of all include logicality, abstract generalization, accuracy and objectivity. The presentation of information is not calculated in this case on the sensory perception of the reader. Nevertheless, in the scientific style, emotional elements can be used. They reinforce the persuasiveness of the presentation in prose, because they contrast sharply with the dry nature of the narrative.

The scientific style of the Russian literary language: general characteristics and tasks

This genre is characterized by saturation of factual material, conciseness and accuracy of presentation. As the content is the description of phenomena of reality, their study and interpretation. The scientific style of the literary language is used in proving certain hypotheses and positions, their arguments. In this genre there is a presentation of various research problems. In connection with this, scientific work for the most part contains a chain of reasoning and proof.

Communicative book genre

It's about the journalistic style. This genre is very heterogeneous. It contains elements that have other styles of modern Russian literary language. Among the main features of the genre is worth noting the consistency, factuality, concreteness, informative saturation and promptness of presentation, expressiveness and laconicism, emotionality.

The main functions of the communicative genre

Publicistic style serves the ideological and political spheres. The genre aims to promptly, accurately and easily inform people about the most important events that took place abroad and within the homeland, to influence the reader and to evoke in him some relation to the person depicted. In other words, journalism is a means of mass propaganda and information. Factoriality, logic and informative function of the genre contribute to the wide use in it of sentences that report something (fact or event). Excitability, expressiveness, emotionality cause the use of syntactic and lexical-phraseological means. This genre is realized on television, in the press, radio, political performances. Newspaper and journalistic styles of presentation are multifaceted. Some of them are a pure form of the genre. To them, for example, you can include a review, a note, a reportage. Others may border on an artistic narrative. For example, a feuilleton, a pamphlet, an essay. Still others have the features of official business literature. This form of presentation is characteristic of the leading article.

The main principles of communicative presentation

The genre is characterized by the use of a socially-valued language tool. In newspaper journalism, an organic complex of imaginative and logical principles is realized, generalization of evidence, reasoning and imaginative concretization. In this regard, the newspaper can be observed a combination of information, mandatory emotionality and logic, evaluation. It also shows the unity of a number of opposing trends. This, in particular, focuses on speech standardization and the use of cliches, on the one hand, and the revival of the narrative, the desire for expression, on the other.

Syntax level

Publicistic style is characterized by simplicity of constructions, orderliness of the form of narration, quite frequent inversion of elements of the sentence, which act as a logical center of phrases. Here also the components of poetic synthesis are applicable: epiphore, anaphora, rhetorical questions, and so on. This is especially evident in the agitation and propaganda publications. In the journalistic style, elements of spoken syntax are also used. The editorial is quite specific in form. In this narrative there is material that is the most important in the political and ideological sense, as well as problems of international and state importance. It differs in variety and sketch. This genre is considered borderline between art and communicative literature. In the essay, the presence of the author's self, a pamphlet, a feuilleton, which is based on a satirical attitude to reality and a direct evaluation of negative factors, is felt quite sensitively. This explains the use of emotional and expressive means. The genre uses different elements that have other styles of Russian literary language. If we characterize as a whole, then we can say that the publications are characterized by passion, the use of components that have semantic meaning, expressive modal parts, convergence of book and colloquial speech. This, in turn, leads to diversity, stylistic unhindered means of expression.

Artistic style: general description

This concept is very ambiguous. There is a complex of style and language of the writer. The latter should be understood as the language units with which the text is filled. Styles of the literary language, which the author uses in the construction of the narrative, allow him to reflect his thoughts in various forms. Among the features of the genre, it is necessary to single out the unity of aesthetic and communicative functions. This is due to the dual task that fiction performs. In particular, through it not only the story is being conducted, but also the impact on the reader is carried out. Also to the peculiarities of the genre is the variety of means. You can use elements that have other styles of modern literary language. Also here, trails and other graphic and expressive means are widely used. In addition, there is an image of the author. The narrative reflects his personality, worldview, perception, aesthetic and ideological views.

Distinctive features of the presentation

For artistic speech, the imagery, the polysemantic word, the semantic capacity, and emotionality are characteristic. Used genre techniques and tools are subject to the disclosure of a certain ideological design of the work. They, in turn, determine the appropriateness and validity of the elements used by the author. While carrying out the analysis of the exposition, it is necessary to disclose features of verbal forms expressing ideological content. The considered genre is considered more diverse and broader than some other styles of the Russian literary language. It is not a simple set of techniques, but represents the most important property of imaginative poetic thinking. Of all the elements that have the basic styles of the literary language, the author chooses those that are necessary for him to reveal the chosen theme.

Images of the genre

It is formed in the genre not only through the use of portable meanings of words and specific lexical and syntactic techniques. An important role can also belong to stylistically neutral means. Poetic power and imagery are often contained in special phrases and shock key parts. In them, simple elements acquire great strength. As an example can serve as a variety of works by Chekhov and Pushkin. In them, the most common words form a strong image. Grammatical forms, as well as syntactic devices, can have great expressiveness. Thus, two types of means are used to form the imagery. This is primarily the techniques of the language itself. They include figures and trails, phraseological, semantic and lexical poeticisms. Secondly, these are elements considered generally neutral in the language, but in the narrative structure they become imaginative. Individual style of presentation is generally determined by the lexical composition and subject matter.