What are participles and gerunds, their distinctive features and suffixes

Since the school day, we remember what participles and gerunds are. The mystery of these parts of speech can not be said: the question of their place in the morphology of the Russian language has not yet been resolved. The main features, features and differences are discussed in our article.

Verbatim formations

The fate of these parts of speech remains unknown. In the modern school curriculum, depending on the author of the educational and methodical complex, the concept of what participles and adverbial participles are interpreted in different ways. Some authors, like Razumovskaya, justly consider them to be peculiar forms of the verb. Undoubtedly, there is a share of truth in this, since participles and gerunds were formed from the verb.

However, Babaytseva, the author of the well-known UMK, regards them as completely independent parts of speech, possessing a complex of distinctive features.

Both these versions have the right to exist, they are logical and each of them can be argued in its own way.

This is such a mysterious, Russian language. Communion and gerunds are special forms that make our speech more dynamic and colorful.

Turnover with Communion

Any part of the speech is remarkable in its own way. And what are participles and gerunds, what do they do in a special sentence, which other parts of speech can not? Their main distinguishing feature is the formation of turnover. This happens when one of them has dependent words.

For example: A girl walking through the summer garden, admiring the nature . If we carefully consider this proposal, we will see that from the participle "walking" you can ask the question "where?". The answer is the phrase "over the summer garden." This means that we have a participial turn. It is much more competent and more beautiful to use turns than to repeat the word "which" indefinitely.

Do not forget to put commas if the participial turn is after its determined word (here it is "girl"). At syntactic analysis there is a question: how it to underline? Here everything is simple: ask a question from the word being defined: (girl) what? A secondary member of the proposal responds to it, a definition known to all of us. Therefore, it is worth emphasizing the whole turn with a wavy line.

In the case when the turnover goes before its determined word, everything is different. There's no need to put commas. The syntactic function of such a turnover is different - each part of the speech in it is emphasized independently of each other.

Participial turnover

With him, the situation is slightly different. First, the gerundive itself can not contain any dependent words, but, nevertheless, will be allocated with commas. Linguists call it solitary.

For example: Without hesitation, he rushed to the burning house to save people.

As we see, the gerundive is very similar in meaning to the dialect (here answers the question "how?"). You can even replace it with this part of the speech: Quickly he rushed to the burning house to save people.

As in the case of the brother-participle, the gerundive can subordinate words to itself and thus form a turn. Since in the sentence it always performs only one role, it is usually called an isolated circumstance. With punctuation marks here you can not be too smart: commas are always put. And you do not need to look at the word being located relative to this turnover.

For example: Without completing his homework, Misha went for a walk.

From the gerunds "not having fulfilled" we will ask the question "what?" And get the answer - "homework". Before us is a gyre-parted turn.

Suffixes of participles and verbal participles

The word formation of each part of the speech is studied by schoolchildren, beginning with the fifth grade. Some of them (for example, a noun and an adjective) have several ways of creating new words: not only prefix and suffix, but addition and abbreviation. With participles and gerunds everything is simpler: their basic way of word formation is the suffix. It is through this morpheme that we distinguish them from other parts of speech.

Knowing what participles and gerunds are, remember the suffixes will not be difficult. You need to know a few simple rules. Do not forget that the participles are divided into two large groups: real and passive.

In active participles present in the present time, suffixes are: yush / yusch (dancing, singing), a / yashch (screaming, flying) .

In the passive - em- (hesitant), -om- (attracted), im (dependent).

When the participles are in the past tense, we will also distinguish them according to the pledge.

Effective. : -w- (bought), w (grown up).

Country of origin. : - m- (chopped), -en- (scrolled), -nn- (measured).

The main thing to do is to correctly determine the part of speech. Then the suffixes of participles and gerunds are much easier to remember. Moreover, they are similar to each other.

In the gerunds, there is no collateral category, they differ only in time. Наст.вр .: - а (slowly), -y (guessing), -uchi (being), -yuchi (pripeyavachi) . Elapsed time: -in (by making) -with (not knowing).

Conclusion

The suffixes of participles and gerunds are easily remembered in practice. It is enough to perform several exercises on this topic to fix their spelling. Despite the apparent complexity of these verbal forms, they will not be particularly difficult for those who carefully read the rule.