Ship anchors. Anchor Matrosov: design features

It would seem that you can tell about the anchor? The simplest, at first glance, design. But he plays a huge role in the life of the ship. The main task of the anchor is to securely tie the ship to the ground, wherever it is: on the open sea or offshore. A motor boat or a yacht, a cruise liner or a multi-ton tanker - the safe movement in the sea for any vessel depends on the reliability of the anchors.

Anchor designs have been modified for hundreds of years. Reliability, ease of use, weight - every parameter checked in practice the sea itself, counting off the nautical miles. Most of the anchors bear the common names: Admiralty, ice, plow, cats. But there are anchors, named after their creators. Among the inventors of reliable designs are the names: Hall and Matrosov, Danforth, Bruce, Byers, Boldt.

"Chains of anchors ring in the port ...", or the ship's role of the anchor

Anchor should provide safe parking of a ship, ship, boat or yacht in the roadstead and in the open sea. In addition, the anchor plays a huge role in solving other problems:

• Limits the mobility of the vessel during mooring to another vessel or berth in adverse weather conditions, strong current, carrying out loading operations.
• Allows you to make a safe turn on a limited space (for example, in a narrow harbor).
• Can quickly quench inertia and stop the ship when facing a collision.
• Helps to remove the ship from the shallows by the crew.

Parts of the anchor structure (chains, hawks) are sometimes used for towing.

Situations where the anchor is used can be conditionally divided into two groups.

The first group is for emergency use: in situations where the anchor must hold the ship at the maximum value of wind force and sea waves.

The second group - for everyday use: with a short stop in good weather

Anchoring

The bow of the ship is the place where the anchor device is located. An additional anchor structure is installed at the stern of large-tonnage vessels, icebreakers and tugboats. This design includes an anchor, an anchor chain or a rope, a chain box, a device that anchors anchor chains to the ship's hull, a hook, a stop, and a spire and an anchor with which to anchor and lift the anchor.

And what does the anchor itself consist of, in the steel paws of which is the safety of the ship, crew and passengers on board?

Anchor is a special construction (welded, cast or forged), which descends to the bottom and holds the vessel with an anchor chain or rope. It consists of several elements:

Spindle (longitudinal rod) with an anchor bracket in the upper part - with this bracket the anchor is attached to the chain;

Paws and horns that attach to the spindle motionless or on the hinge.

Anchors having a rod, in the upper part of the spindle, a transverse rod is mounted, which strengthens the holding force.

Anchor constructions: purpose, type

By designation ship anchors are:

• Auxiliary : anchors, pylons, drifts, cats, ice. The role of auxiliary anchors is to help the police in certain situations: during the landing and disembarkation of passengers, loading and unloading, to lift the ship from the shallows, and to keep the vessel at the edge of the ice field.
• Stanovye : on each ship they should be 3 (2 in the hills, 1 - on the deck).

By the method of abstraction of soil are divided into two groups.

One group includes anchors, which take the ground (that is, burrow into it) with one paw. First of all, here is the Admiralty anchor.

The other group combines anchors that take the ground with two paws: the anchor of Hall, Byers, Boldt, Gruzin-Hein, Matrosov.

Steel anchors must meet the following criteria:

• strength;
• Quick return;
• Good soil intake;
• Easy separation from the ground during the ascent;
• Convenient fastening in the "on-the-go" position.

One of the most important criteria is a large holding force, that is, the maximum force, measured in kilograms, under the influence of which the anchor does not leave the ground and will be able to keep the ship "on a leash".

Anchor - "Admiral"

Admiralty anchor can rightfully be considered a veteran among ship anchors. This is almost the only representative of designs that have a stock. Despite the fact that he was replaced by more modern and reliable models, he still performs his ship role in the fleet. This is due to the versatility of the design.

The structure of the Admiralty anchor, checked for centuries, is laconic: fixed paws and horns are cast or forged together with a spindle and form a single whole with it, without additional mechanical elements. Stock - wooden or metal. Its task is to help the rapid removal of soil and the correct orientation of the anchor clinging to the bottom.

The design itself is compactly folded: the rod is laid along the spindle, and in modern models, paws can also be added. This makes it easier to store and transport the anchor during the march.

The advantages include a large holding force (its coefficient is 10-12), which is higher than many "counterparts" with the same weight.

"Admiral" is able to cope with any soil: he is not afraid of any large stones, among which his colleagues are often stuck, neither the crafty suppleness of the mud, nor the underwater seaweed.

The shortcomings of the fleet old-timer can be cumbersome and voluminous, laborious in handling - this leads to the fact that it is troublesome to attach to marching position and can not be quickly given away. Anchor is forged from iron with strict requirements to the quality of material and workmanship - this leads to its high cost.

The rod often goes out of order: the iron bends, and the wood damages the mollusks, it is fragile and short-lived.

When immersed in the ground, one leg protrudes, representing a threat to the ships in shallow water, and an anchor chain can catch on and over the horn protruding above the ground .

Hall Anchor

In 1988, the Englishman Hall was patented an anchor, named after him. This anchor is also considered a naval veteran, only rodless. The construction consists of a spindle and two paws cast together with a box.

The paws in this design are unusual: they have a flat shape, swing and can be rotated on the axis.

The box and paws are weighted by tides with thickening in the form of blades. Their task - to turn their paws, forcing them to go into the ground to a depth that can be 4 times the length of the paws. This is especially important if the soil is weak and it is necessary to harden strongly to reach a solid foundation.

The undeniable advantages of the Hall anchor are considered to be a sufficiently large holding force, quick recoil (it can be given on the go, and this way of recoil even helps to cut the paws as much as possible) and convenient cleaning in the haws.

In shallow water, it is not dangerous for other vessels, since the feet lie flat on the ground, entanglement of the anchor chain or rope around the paws is excluded.

The disadvantages of the construction include the unreliability of anchoring the anchor on a heterogeneous soil with the appearance of a torque or during a parking in an open roadstead with a change in the direction of the wind or a strong current when the anchor begins to creep with jerks. In this case, with a strong jerk, the anchor jumps out of the ground, and then deepens again thanks to shovels that manage to heat the hillock from the ground. This is explained by too much distance between the paws. In addition, the hinge box can jam when sand or pebbles are collected into it.

When pulling into the beak when harvesting the anchors, the paws can not always take their own position due to the not very good location of the center of gravity.

Anchor Matrosov

This anchor is one of the most modern designs with increased holding force. Created by the Soviet engineer IR Matrosov in 1946, he absorbed the dignity and eliminated the drawbacks inherent in the claws of two types of anchors: with fixed paws (such as the Admiralty) and with pivots (Hall's anchor).

The construction of the anchor is as follows: spindle, paws, side rods, anchor bracket.

In the Matrosov system, wide pivoting paws are almost closely approached to the spindle and are so close to each other that during the burial in the ground they start to work as one big paw. The area of each of them is larger than in other anchor structures. Together with the paws, a rod with lateral tides is cast. The rod is displaced upward relative to the spindle rotation axis. Its task is to protect the anchor from overturning and to increase the holding force, plunging into the ground together with the paws.

Advantages of the design are stability when drawing on the ground, a large holding force even on soft sandy-silty soils and in stones, a relatively small weight and ease of retraction to the beak during harvesting. When the ship turns 360 ^{0 it} keeps confidently.

There are design and disadvantages. On a dense ground at the initial stage of penetration, the anchor is unstable. If the paws turned out of the ground, they do not enter the ground again, and the anchor continues to crawl. The space between the legs of the spindle is so narrow that it is often clogged with soil - this prevents the paws from freely deflecting.

Production

Anchor Matrosova is available in two versions:

• Welded (welded)
• Cast full weight (cast paw)

The technical standard for the Matrosov's anchor is GOST 8497-78. It is used for anchors, which are used on surface ships, ships and inland navigation vessels.

Technical characteristics and parameters are determined by the mass (the weight of the armature)

Welded anchor

Matrosov's welded anchor is made from 5 to 35 kg of stainless steel or steel with anodized coating or paint coating.

Anchors, covered with paint, require additional care (stripping and rusting), as the paint is quickly peeled off the soil. The anodic coating is more resistant, but also subject to physical effects when in contact with the ground. The most resistant welded structures are anchors welded from stainless steel.

Cast anchor

Matrosov's cast anchors are made from 25 to 1,500 kg.

They are, as a rule, cast from cast iron and covered with anodic coating or paint.

Antenna Matrosova cast in the pilot version was successfully tested on marine fishing vessels in operational conditions. The advantages of it in front of the Hall anchor were unquestionable.

And which is better?

Given the wide variety of ship anchors, it is impossible to answer unambiguously to the question of which design is better.

However, numerous tests to determine the magnitude of the holding force on various types of soil showed that the Matrosov's anchor is 4 times that of the Admiralty and the Hall at the same mass.

Anchor is effective for use on inland navigation vessels, river vessels, boats and yachts. On ships of the navy, its use as an auxiliary is practiced.