Search for new terms of trade. Types of trade. Trade in modern conditions

International trade is the exchange of services and goods between different countries, which is related to the overall economic activity, as well as the intensification of the division of labor at the international level. Conditions for international trade and its successful development are scientific and technological progress.

A bit of history

This kind of trade arose in ancient times. So, in the formations that were based only on subsistence farming, only a small part of the products were allocated for international exchange. In general, such goods included spices, luxury goods and certain types of mineral raw materials.

The search for new terms of trade was a powerful stimulus for the development of its international type. Thus, there was a transition from the economy of a natural kind to commodity-money relations. During this period, national states were created with the establishment of production relations both inside and outside of them.

International trade during the formation of production

The formation of a large industrial sector made it possible to overcome a high level of development of the productive forces at the international level. The search for new terms of trade led to an increase in the production scale and improvement of the mechanisms for the transportation of various goods.

In other words, the prerequisites for expanding trade and economic ties between different states began to be created. At the same time, there was an urgent need to expand international trade.

The conditions of international trade at the present stage make it possible to create the most developed form of international economic relations. Its necessity is caused by such factors:

• The formation of the world market as a historical precondition for capitalist production;
• Uneven development of some industries in different countries; For example, the finished products of the branches that are most dynamically developing, which are not in demand on the domestic market, can be exported beyond its borders;
• The trend that has arisen at the present stage of economic development, to an endless expansion of production volumes, while the domestic market is limited by the solvency of the population; That is why production goes beyond the boundaries of domestic demand, and business entities use the terms of foreign trade to participate in a stubborn struggle for foreign markets.

Thus, the interest of some states in international relations is explained by the need to sell products on the foreign market. Also in this case we are talking about the need to obtain specific goods from other countries, which is associated with the desire to obtain a sufficiently high profit through the use of cheap labor and raw materials of developing countries.

Foreign trade after World War II

The terms of trade during this period contributed to its dynamic development. The prerequisites for this state were, of course, the scientific and technological revolution that stimulated the expansion and renewal of fixed capital through the creation of entirely new industries, as well as the radical technical reconstruction of obsolete industries.

One of the most important factors of high rates of economic development in this period is its state regulation to intensify the accumulation process, primarily of capital, and to prevent the development of economic crises.

The search for new terms of trade became necessary in connection with the increased strength of enterprises in various industries. Began to appear such integral components of the development of any industrial sector, as forecasting and planning.

International trade in a modern economy

The development of international trade in a market economy is influenced by a factor such as the withdrawal of capital, which stimulates its growth. The export of capital in the process of carrying out entrepreneurial activity may entail a certain removal of goods outside the limits of a particular state. Often it is connected with the supply of means of production for economic entities that are created abroad.

If only recently financial investments were directed only to underdeveloped states, then after the Second World War the direction of capital export changed somewhat. Now it can move between the industrialized countries, which contributes to the strengthening of their production and capital.

Types of subjects of international trade

Conditions of foreign trade contributed to the formation of two types of companies of international importance, which have enterprises in different states. To them it is customary to include: TNK (corporations) and MNCs (international corporations). The first type includes companies that are both national in terms of capital and international in scope. The second type is represented by corporations united on an international basis, by capital and by industry.

These companies of international level have a significant impact on the external share. In this case, we are talking primarily about intra-corporate turnover, the share of these business entities is almost a third of the world's exports.

Development of external relations

Expansion of foreign economic relations causes not only the search for new terms of trade, but also the importation of certain types of goods from abroad. International trade in modern conditions plays an important role for developing countries. This is due to the limited size of their domestic market.

Today, one of the most important factors for achieving highly efficient production is the direct inclusion of the state in the division of labor at the international level. The development of trade in such conditions will promote the growth of efficiency in production. At the same time, it becomes possible to purchase food and raw materials outside a given state if their value is lower in the foreign market than in the domestic market.

If the equality of costs for manufacturing products in different countries is traced, then international trade in a market economy is necessary for the growth of production volumes, as well as for optimizing its size.

Main types of international trade

It is believed that any business entity must have access to the foreign market. In this case, the form of ownership has absolutely no significance for the implementation of this type of activity. Since it is the purchase and sale of the main role in international relations, then within the framework of this article, it is necessary to consider such types of trade:

1. Realization (purchase) of finished products, represented by the following goods: machinery and equipment, devices and apparatus, transport and communications, as well as auxiliary equipment.
2. Trade details (products in disassembled form). Export of such products in the form of parts and assemblies is used in the framework of international trade with a view to overcoming administrative and customs barriers, as well as to increase competitiveness. These kinds of trade are subject to low duties, which will facilitate the work of assembly shops outside the exporting country.

Foreign trade related to production

Trade in equipment reflects the needs of the global capital construction market. The exporting country has the opportunity to expand its capabilities.

In addition, can be sold and related services. In this case, within a short period of time, the importing country receives the most modern equipment.

The most difficult form of trade is construction on a turn-key basis. This type may include such contract work:

• Preparation of feasibility study of the facility;
• Development of the project task, working and technical projects;
• Supply of building materials;
• Erection of administrative and industrial buildings;
• Delivery of various equipment, spare parts and tools;
• Adjustment, installation and start-up of equipment.

As for the trade in raw materials, among its varieties it is necessary to distinguish the following types:

• Agricultural raw materials;
• Mineral raw materials;
• Products of the chemical industry.

This kind of trade, on the one hand, worsens the situation of raw materials exporters, which is due to the emergence of synthetic substitutes. On the other hand, it improves their position in connection with the gradual growth of production in some countries.

Other forms of international trade

The list of types of foreign economic activity will be incomplete, if not to mention the trade in food, intellectual property and engineering and consulting services.