Republic of China: Economics, Population, History

Many people do not even suspect that there are more than one Chinese republic in the world today, but two, only one of them has a "folk" prefix. But that is not all. In the twentieth century, there was one more Republic of China for a short time, but this time it was "Soviet". Let's try to figure out who of them is who.

PRC

This powerful state is widely known in the world under the more familiar name "China." It was formed on 01.10.1949. The capital of this country is in Beijing. The PRC (People's Republic of China) is a socialist state. To date, its chairman is Xi Jinping. The country is ruled by the Communist Party of China. This country is a permanent member of the UN Security Council. And every day, its weight in world politics and the economy is growing rapidly.

The Government of the People's Republic of China has always cared for the defense capability of its country. To date, the PRC is the owner of the largest army in the world. At the same time, it has a large arsenal of nuclear weapons. The largest cities in China are Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin. Despite the fact that in this republic there is a huge number of people speaking different dialects, they have only one official language - Chinese.

Geographical position and general information about China

The People's Republic of China is located in East Asia. Its coordinates are 32 ° 48'00 "north latitude and 103 ° 05'00" east longitude. This state ranks third in the world in its area. It covers an area of almost 9.6 million square meters. Km. But no one can compete with the population of the PRC. According to the estimates of 2013, 1366.5 million people lived in this country.

China is washed by the waters of the seas of the Pacific (East China, Yellow, South China). Its neighbors are Russia, North Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos. The coast of China starts from the border with North Korea and stretches to Vietnam. It has a length of 14.5 thousand km. The PRC time zone corresponds to +8. The country dialing code is +86.

PRC Economy

The People's Republic of China is one of the leaders of the world economy. So, by the end of 2013, its GDP amounted to 7318 trillion US dollars, which in terms of the population of the country is 6569 dollars. The gross product by purchasing power parity (PPP) was 12 383 trillion US dollars. In terms of per capita, it is $ 9,828. In December 2014, the PRC economy was the first in the world in this indicator.

In the People's Republic of China, the national currency is the yuan (CNY). It corresponds to the digital code of the country of origin 156. The economy of the People's Republic of China is multidisciplinary. At the same time, China is a universally recognized world leader in the production of many types of industrial products, such as cars and machinery. It exports almost all countries a huge number of consumer goods, so it is often called the "factory of peace." China - the owner of the largest gold reserves.

The population of China

According to the Human Development Index (HDI) in 2014, China took 91st place among the countries of the world. It was 0.719, which is a very high result. Ethno-moron (name of the inhabitants of a certain area) sounds like "Chinese", "Chinese woman", "Chinese".

Dozens of different peoples live on the territory of the PRC (officially recognized 56). All of them differ in their customs, traditions, national costumes, and cuisine. Many of them have their own language. All these small nations in the total amount to only 7% of the population of this state. The bulk of people living in China - the Chinese, who call themselves "Han."

Despite the fact that since 1979, the country has strict control over the birth rate, the annual natural increase in the population continues to grow steadily. The average life expectancy of the Chinese is 71 years. Lately, the share of urban and rural residents has almost equaled, which indicates a high rate of urbanization of the country. The population of the People's Republic of China professes the following main religions - Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism.

General history of education of the PRC

China is one of the most ancient states on Earth. Some scientists are sure that the civilization of this state totals about 5 thousand years. The available written sources confirm that in the territory of the PRC already 3.5 thousand years ago there were administrative entities with a developed management system. Each successive dynasty of rulers worked to improve it. The economy of this country has always been based on developed agriculture.

A great role in strengthening Chinese civilization was played by the introduction of Confucianism as a state ideology and a unified system of writing. This happened in the II-I century BC. For hundreds of years, various kingdoms and provinces that were in the given territory, then united, then disintegrated. At the same time, the local population suffered from the constant raids of nomads. To protect them, the Great Wall of China was built . For millennia this powerful civilization developed, fought, assimilated with surrounding Asian peoples. Modern China is the result of centuries-old political and cultural processes.

For thousands of years, this state ruled the emperors of different dynasties. The Republic of China, called Zhonghua Mingo, lasted from 1911 to 1949.

12.02.1912 the last emperor, Pu I, signed a renunciation of the throne. In this state, a republican form of government was introduced de jure, but in fact, during the period from 1911 to 1949 the "troubled time" period continued. At the same time, China disintegrated into various state formations that arise on the basis of provincial army detachments. Only in 1949 the army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) became the winner of the civil war going on its territory. This was largely facilitated by the support of the Soviet Union. The CCP defeated the conservative party of the Chinese Republic, called the KMT. The rulers of the latter fled to Taiwan. There they became the founders of such a state as the Republic of China.

Proclamation of the Republic

In September 1949, the People's Consultative Council of China began to operate in the territory of modern China. It was he who proclaimed the formation of the People's Republic. At that time, the Central People's Government Council (NPCC) was elected, with Mao Zedong as its chairman. In 1954, the People's Republic of China adopted the Constitution, renaming the CNPC in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

In the period from 1949 to 1956, the USSR rendered all possible assistance to this state in the creation of basic industries. Nationalization and collectivization were carried out on the territory of the republic. Socialist construction began to develop at a tremendous rate. In 1956, a new course of development was proclaimed in the country, thanks to which Mao Zedong's ideas began to be embodied in life regarding the policy of "communization" and "great leap forward". From 1966 to 1976, China proclaimed a "cultural revolution", which led to an intensification of the class struggle. Walking along the "special" path of development, the state and society denied commodity-money relations, banned non-state forms of ownership, froze foreign economic relations and arranged public courts.

The beginning of the "economic miracle"

Deng Xiaoping, who came to power, condemned the policy of his predecessor and in 1977 launched a new campaign, which was called the "Beijing Spring". In 1978, the CPC plenum proclaimed a course toward a socialist market economy. She had specific features. It had to combine the planning and distribution system and the market system with a significant attraction of foreign investment. Chinese enterprises have gained more independence in their economic activities. The state sector in the economy was significantly reduced, free economic zones were opened. Great attention was paid to overcoming poverty of the population, as well as scientific and technological progress.

By the end of the 1980s, the population of the People's Republic of China was fully provided with food. With each passing year, GDP and industrial production have steadily increased. The reforms of Deng Xiaoping were successfully implemented by his successors:

• Since 1993 - Jiang Zemin;
• Since 2002 - Hu Jintao;
• From 2012 - Xi Jinping.

State system of the PRC

In all of history, four constitutions were adopted in this country (1954, 1975, 1978, 1982). According to the latter, China is a socialist state of the democratic dictatorship of the people. Its supreme authority is a unicameral NPC (the National People's Congress). It consists of a huge number of deputies (2,979), who are elected for 5 years by regional elections. The NPC is convened annually. Only members of the CCP and 8 "democratic" parties that are members of the CPPCC (People's Political Consultative Council of China) are allowed to participate in the elections. The supreme organ of executive power is the State Council, or (as it is often called) the Central People's Government. It consists of: the prime minister and his deputies, ministers, general auditor, rank-and-file members, executive secretary. The highest court is the Supreme People's Court. A huge role in the development of the country is played by local authorities - meetings of people's representatives and executive and administrative (people's) governments.

To date, its own legislative bodies are in special administrative regions, namely in Hong Kong and Macau. The head of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping, does not stop friendly relations with the successor of the USSR - the Russian Federation. With each year, friendship between countries and mutually beneficial cooperation are only gaining momentum. The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Russian Federation pays great attention to the further strengthening of the relations between our countries.

Administrative division

Since China is a huge state and population, it has a very complex administrative division. China exercises control over 22 provinces, and the government considers the 23rd admiral of Taiwan. This state also includes 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities (cities of central subordination), and 2 special territorial units. All together they are called "continental China". The separate administrative units are: Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan.

In fact, in China there are such levels of local government:

• Provincial (23 provinces, 4 cities of central subordination, 5 autonomous and 2 special districts);
• District (15 prefectures, 3 aimaks, 286 city and 30 autonomous districts);
• County (counties: 1455 simple, 370 - urban, 117 - autonomous, 857 simple and 4 special areas, 49 simple and 3 autonomous Khoshuns);
• Volost (13,587 regular and 1,085 national parishes, 19,683 settlements, 106 simple and 1 national somon, 2 districts of the county subordination and 7,194 street committees);
• Village (city microdistricts, local communities, villages).

Hong Kong is one of the financial centers of the world. In this special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, which passed under its jurisdiction in 1997, more than 7 million people live. Macau is an autonomous territory (the former colony of Portugal), home to over 0.5 million people.

Republic of China

Now we need to deal with the states that are on this territory. What is the Republic of China? And this is nothing else than Taiwan, which the PRC government considers the 23rd province of its country. This island in the Pacific Ocean is located 150 km from the east coast of mainland China. Between them is the Taiwan Strait. The territory of the island is 36 thousand square meters. Km.

The independence of this state was proclaimed on 10.10.1911, but until now it has partial diplomatic recognition. The official language of Taiwan is Chinese. Its capital is Taipei. This republic is a democracy with a semi-presidential state system and universal suffrage. To date, Taiwan is one of the most developed countries in the region. He is part of the so-called "Four of the Asian Tigers." The president of this mixed republic is Ma Ying-jeou.

The flag of the Republic of China is a red cloth symbolizing the Earth, with a blue rectangle in the upper left corner, which represents the Sky. It depicts the White Sun. The flag of the Republic of China first appeared in 1928 in the Kuomintang party.

In Taiwan, about 23.3 million people live. At the same time, GDP per capita in 2013 amounted to 39 767 US dollars, which is 11 times more than this figure in China. The technological industry of Taiwan plays an important role in the world economy. And its importance is growing every year. The economy of the Republic of China has been successfully developing over the past decades due to the use of the latest technologies and the excellent education of the population. The currency of this country is the Taiwan dollar.

The formation of the Republic of China for many decades has evolved in such a way that it always takes into account the changing demands of the growing economy. To date, the compulsory basic education is 9 years. Recently, the authorities of Taiwan want to increase this period to 12 years. The entire educational system is largely biased towards the study of technical sciences. As a result of training, graduates have one of the highest levels of training in mathematics and the natural sciences.

Chinese Soviet Republic

Many have long forgotten about the era of socialism-communism. Few people know that there was such a state as the Chinese Soviet Republic. It did not last very long. This small state was established in 1931 under the leadership of the Communist Party in the south of Central China (in Jiangxi). In 1937 it was transformed into a special district.

The Chinese Soviet Republic had its flag, the Provisional Government, the Constitution, laws, banknotes and other state attributes. The Council of People's Commissars of this republic was headed by none other than Mao Zedong, who later became the perennial leader of the People's Republic of China. The military support of this country was the Central Army Group. It included troops of Mao Zedong and Zhu De. In the years 1931-1932. The Red Army was reorganized.

The main geographical features of the Chinese Soviet Republic were: the mountainous position, remoteness, lack of communications, which contributed to its protection from external enemies. It was inhabited by about 5 million people.