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Predestination is what? Foresight and predestination of God
Predestination is in monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) the idea of the pre-establishment of all events of human life and history emanating from God. That is, everything that happened, happens and will happen in the life of all people and an individual, is determined, on the one hand, by the will of God, and on the other - by the free will of the individual. Let us emphasize that the freedom of man is not limited by anything, although everything is done according to the will of God.
What did theologian and historian Leonid Matsih tell about God
Leonid Alexandrovich in the lecture "Methods of religious knowledge" suggested not to confuse three concepts: God, religion and the church. He defined God as the highest personal being, separate from the world he created. God, in his opinion, having created our world (and many others that we have no idea about), observes the development of life on earth, only occasionally interfering in the course of history, only in cases when people are all going absolutely wrong .
What is religion, according to LA Matsih
Religion is a system of dogmas and doctrines, more or less understandable. Mostly understandable little. She proposes to consider those things that are far from most people, and tries to describe the totality of phenomena that exist in the world. Practically this is unrealistic, because for our consciousness the world is deep and immense. Too many modern scientists have yet to be discovered.
The ancient terminology is dark and confusing, and the word "predestination" is a pre-determined human life, the salvation or condemnation of a person by God. Basic religious texts can not combine their theses that arose millennia ago, with constantly emerging discoveries, with technical achievements. The last thing to emphasize: any religion considers itself to be an indisputable truth. All the rest is a delusion.
Hellas and Ancient Rome
This concept has already appeared in the ancient world. The Olympic gods and people obeyed the inevitability, their fate, which Moira wore from the Greeks and Parks from the Romans.
Christianity in general
Divine predestination is one of the most difficult questions in the philosophy of religion. It is associated with the divine properties, the essence and manifestation of evil and how grace relates to freedom.
People, as moral and free beings, may prefer evil to good; The presence of some in evil is an obvious fact. But since all things are done according to the will of God, that means that the presence of some people in evil and their subsequent death is also a manifestation of the will of God.
To resolve this contradiction, several local councils were held, on which the Orthodox teaching was more precisely defined: God wants everyone to be saved, but does not want to abolish moral freedom. Therefore, for the salvation of everyone, God uses all means except those that deprive man of this freedom. Therefore, people who knowingly reject the help of grace for salvation can not be saved and are predestined to perdition by God's omniscience.
The Teachings of the Apostle Paul
St. Paul writes in his writings that predestination is a man's free choice of salvation. In full harmony with the Christian doctrine, the Apostle Paul writes about those who are foreknowledge and ordained by God to eternal glory. St. John Chrysostom, interpreting this aspect, writes that everyone was called, but not all obeyed. The next theologian Theophanes the Recluse explains that divine predestination does not constrain freedom. God gives each individual freedom of choice and foresees the overall outcome of all his actions. This theme was developed by St. Augustine.
Life of St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo
Blessed Augustine was born and lived in IV in Tagast in North Africa. His parents were baptized. Special devotion was different mother. The child was, according to the custom of that time, only announced, but not baptized.
Education he received in his hometown, and then continued to learn grammar and rhetoric in Madavra, and then in the capital - Carthage. The young man led a wild life. He had an illegitimate son, Adodeat. Later, a treatise "On the Teacher" will be written for him.
At this time Aurelius Augustine is interested in the works of Cicero and is fond of philosophy. He changes places of stay. For ten years, Augustine teaches rhetoric and grammar in his native Tagaste, then moves to Carthage, then to Rome.
And here he is already in Mediolan, where he becomes the official rhetorician. Here he meets the great theologian, Sainted Ambrose, listens to his sermons and turns to Christianity. He receives baptism and moves away from the light. Having given the church of his native city all his possessions, Augustine comes to asceticism. His glory begins to grow as a learned theologian.
The community of Hippo, where he was accidentally passing through, insisted on his ordination as a presbyter. At the same time he founded the first monastery in Numidia, interprets the Holy Scripture. In the city of Hippo he receives the chair of the bishop, who takes 35 years until his death. His activities can be divided into three parts: the polemic with the Manichaeans, the struggle against schism and with the teachings of the monk Pelagius. In the framework of the polemic against the works of Pelagius and his followers, St. Augustine creates the doctrine of predestination.
Bishop of Hippo and his teaching. Early Christianity
Blessed Augustine in the fourth century in his teaching about grace fell into a serious error, as the theologians of his time believed. In his opinion, predestination is only the decision of God, who can be saved, and who will certainly perish. This is undeniable and immutable. This provision has led to numerous discussions for more than one century.
The concept of predestination was related to how a person, by his own will, participates in salvation, or is only able to receive the grace of the Lord. In his views, original sin has so perverted the nature of man that the individual can no longer overcome evil without the help of God. In the work of salvation, the free will of man does not play not only an essential, but in general any role. The free will of people after original sin does not exist at all. Salvation is possible only for some - those whom God has chosen, to whom he has decided to give faith and save. The rest will perish. That is, salvation is only the action of the almighty grace of God.
The teaching of Augustine the Blessed was adopted by the Western Church at the cathedral in Arosssio in 529 AD. At that time, the Western Church fought with the teachings of the monk Pelagius, who denied the heredity of original sin and believed that a person can attain holiness without the help of the grace of God. His teaching was declared heresy.
Protestantism
Reformation in Germany began under the influence of Martin Luther, Ph.D. and theology. He put forward a new religious teaching, according to which the secular state does not depend on the church, and the person himself does not need intermediaries between him and God.
Martin Luther first approved the teachings of Pelagius, but his entourage was strongly opposed, and Luther changed his mind. The doctrine of predestination was not included in the Lutheran doctrine.
The theologian and jurist John Calvin formed his teaching on the basis of Lutheranism, making changes to it. He believed that the state with its power should be completely subordinated to the church. He also wrote that a person is completely corrupt, and believed that the Divine Grace is the basis for the salvation of man. And one faith in God is not enough for the remission of sins.
According to Calvin, predestination is the inscrutable harvest of God. He denied the existence of free will in man and imposed on his followers a lot of prohibitions on luxury and entertainment. Calvin regarded his teaching as a development of the views of the Bishop of Hippo. He firmly believed that Christ died for sins only "predestined to salvation," and not of all mankind.
God's Foreknowledge
Do not mix God's prediction and predestination. If God foresaw events, then he did not predetermine them. He gave the man the freedom of choice, and if a person decided on sin, it thereby overshadowed his future. Divine foreknowledge is not predestination. God does not violate human freedom, otherwise He would not be God. Human freedom is the image of freedom of the Divine. Anticipating, God does not predetermine. He only puts a person in such conditions that he determines his direction: to sins, to evil he will move forward either to good, to light. Man's control over himself is important here.
Destiny and its predestination
The word "destiny" can mean:
- Divine purpose - heavenly, that is, the full disclosure of the image and likeness of God - life in the Kingdom of God.
- Earthly realization of the data from God to the glory of God.
- Execution or non-fulfillment of the Divine purpose.
- Life circumstances (fishing for God).
- Rock, fate. (Such a confluence of life circumstances, which can not be avoided).
Belief in destiny as inevitability, in exchange for communion with God, contradicts Christian doctrine. Instead of such an understanding of fate, there is the concept of destiny as providence, the providence of God. Not blind rock rules the life of man, but the Wise Creator.
Each person chooses his own destiny: good - to be in paradise, or evil - to go down to hell. In this sense, everyone has his own destiny. So what does "predestination of fate" mean? As we wrote above, even before the creation of the world, God foresaw (but did not predetermine) who will be saved, and who will destroy his soul. But He is trying to guide man to the path of salvation. The predestination of a person is to follow God's will.
Islam and predestination
This teaching took a lot from Christianity, changing its basic concepts in its own way. It turned out quite an original work of Muhammad - the Koran. He, as the Prophet himself said, was dictated to him in the desert by Allah. Whether it was so or not, now no one will know. But legends tell about it.
In the traditions of the Prophet, it is said that one of the Israelites fought a thousand months (a fantastic number - more than 83 years) is counted under the banner of Allah. It was a very unusual service, because in those days the life of a person was short. All the companions of Muhammad were saddened that they could not repeat such a feat.
Immediately after the meeting with the Israelite, Archangel Jibril arrived at the Prophet. He announced that in honor of so long a service of the son of Israel, Allah will grant the Prophet and his companions a night that is better than a thousand months. Then he dictated the 97th chapter of the Quran, which is called "Might".
In the Koran everything is clear to believers and ministers and there is no confusion. But, however, there have been and continue disputes between the three directions of theologians about the doctrine of predestination.
In addition, in Islam there is also the concept of "fate". All-knowing Allah even before the creation of the world knew what would happen in nature and society, what would make a bad or good man or animal. A person who believes in Allah knows well what he will approve, and what can cause his discontent or even anger. But man is weak and wrong in his choice, and therefore he must repent after a bad deed.
Modern views
Theologians have not reached a consensus on this issue. But it flew almost a millennium and a half. This shows how slowly and gradually, not daring the cardinal conclusions, the church approaches its dogmas, which are difficult to understand. No, if you ask a theologian, he will smoothly expound the doctrine, as he understands it. The question is different: there is no single answer. But the dogma of predestination is one of the main postulates of theology.
The lyrics of FI Tyutchev
The deeply religious poet-philosopher FI Tyutchev undoubtedly knew what "predestination" means in Orthodoxy. Tyutchev accidentally gave this name to his short and bitter poem. If predestination is given by God and by destiny, then no matter how hard it is, a sinful person will not escape it.
Lyubov F. Tyutchev did not appear on the basis of an instant look. Witty, cheerful, elegant beauty gradually entered first into his house, to visit his daughters, and then already in the heart of the poet. They explained exactly in mid-June 1850. This date FI Tyutchev did not forget even after Elena Ivanovna was no more. This day he called "blissful-fatal". His love for the young pupil of the Smolny Institute, Elena Denisyeva, became evil. They fell in love with each other wholeheartedly. As fifteen years later wrote Tiutchev, she breathed into him all her soul. The result was a sinful relationship and rejected by the light and parents for 14 years EA Denisyev.
We begin to analyze Tyutchev's poem Predestination. In the fifties, Tyutchev 's philosophical lyrics became especially grim and heavy. During the communication with Elena Aleksandrovna, the poet deepens into a dark and desperate state. All the poems that constitute the "Denisiev" cycle are full of despair and self-condemnation. Already in 1851, he confessed that he loves murderous and destroys what is most dear to his heart. His love lay on a young woman undeserved disgrace. "Predestination" Tyutchev will write in the same year 1851, when he discovers that he is destroying his beloved woman and can not help himself with anything.
Two families
The poet was torn. Soul he was attached to two women. Both worshiped him. With one of them, Ernestina Fedorovna, he lived, as expected, in a marriage. It was his warm and native home. Ernestina Fyodorovna did her best to save the family, without uttering any reproaches. His soul was also torn in another house.
The poem "Predestination" was written at the beginning of the connection. It marked the kinship of souls and their fatal duel. The poet had a presentiment that the immensity of love can be interrupted only when the woman's heart wears out of pain. We begin the analysis of the poem "Predestination". What did Fyodor Ivanovich see at the very beginning of the alliance with Elena Aleksandrovna? The unequal struggle of hearts, when one will inevitably love and suffer. Indeed, the share of Denisyeva, who considered herself a real, true wife of Fyodor Ivanovich, loneliness, which only the children brightened up. They were recorded in metrics as Tyutchev, but not noblemen, but philistines.
A bit from the biography of E. Denisyeva
Elena Alexandrovna came from a poor noble family. She lost her mother early, and her father remarried. She was brought up by my aunt, who worked as a teacher in the Smolny Institute. Naturally, the girl received an education in him, acquired secular manners and could make a good party. The life story of Elena Alexandrovna anticipates the analysis of the poem "Predestination". Not only Tyutchev, but she also understood that such meetings would not end well. After all, the girl who had already left and started to shine in the light, should simply marry and become a good wife and mother. Divine predestination boldly all human plans and good intentions.
Adultery, a shame for the family - with these hallmarks, she lived for fourteen years, pouring herself to the poet. The poem "Predestination" shows the tender hopelessness of this connection, which can not have a legitimate continuation. However, it was strong and not torn. Whose merit is this? We think that a woman who was becoming more and more attached to Fyodor Ivanovich. He was her light in the window, the thread that connected the hermit with the world. To break the relationship meant not only to ruin the reputation, but also to kill the mother of his three children.
Artistic means of the author
The theme of the poem "Predestination" (analysis shows this) was hopeless, unpromising love. She, strong and passionate, can not overcome two hearts. First, the first quatrain meets, then the fatal merging of souls and their fatal duel (culmination), and then the poet foresees the death of the weak and tender. We hold, when we talk about the poem "Predestination", the analysis of the topic. Now let's talk about the structure of the verse
What artistic means did the poet use when he wrote Predestination? Tyutchev wrote a verse with a four-legged iambic. This is a joyful size. But since the poet's soul was torn apart by anxiety and confusion, he introduces pyrrhic and clauses into it. Thanks to these techniques in the work "Predestination" the verse becomes minor. The poet also uses metaphors, anaphores, lexical repetitions, inversion. The poem "Predestination" Tyutchev writes as an expression of his views on love and fatal fate. The short form of the poem, only eight lines, contained not only a meeting, but also a prophetic future about the demise of love.
In May 1864 the patient Elena Alexandrovna gave birth to a son. She already had a daughter Elena and her son Fedor. The baby and daughter will die in 1865. Fyodor Ivanovich was extremely troubled by these tragedies. He felt as if he had been torn out of his heart and chopped off his head, crying continuously. Fedor Fedorovich's son will grow up, become an officer and die in a hospital during the First World War.
Later in the whole "Denisiev" cycle, the leitmotif will be the idea of death, destruction, destruction, in which the poet blames himself. He bitterly regretted not publishing during the life of Elena Aleksandrovna a book dedicated to her. We considered the poem "Predestination" (Tyutchev). The analysis is given as full as possible.
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