Posting yourself. Wiring in the apartment: materials, wiring diagram

If your wiring has long required replacement, then this event should be held as soon as possible. It is desirable to timed this occupation to a major overhaul indoors. You can say that the wiring is changing its own way is not so easy. Usually, it's worth taking this case only when there is not enough money for professional help. Average prices in Russia for 1 square. Meter installation of wiring in an apartment building is from 800 rubles and above.

"Golden" rules

Before you start, you need to familiarize yourself with the basic rules of the installation work. There is nothing complicated here, but all this must be strictly observed and implemented. One such requirement is the replacement of aluminum wires with copper ones. The second is a change in the power scheme. Here we mean the replacement of a blindly grounded neutral to the protective earthing of consumers. And the last requirement is the use of wiring separate branches instead of branching.

As for aluminum, it was extremely popular in the 1930-1970s for several reasons. First, it was considered environmentally friendly material, and secondly - quite cheap and affordable for the population. But it soon became clear that it was better not to use it for posting. This is due to the following factors:

• For 20 years of using aluminum wiring, it becomes very fragile due to the chemical processes taking place. As a result, the wiring becomes not only unreliable, but also to some extent dangerous.
• If moisture gets to the aluminum, the process of electrocorrosion begins. This leads to a complete breakdown of the wire and the emergency situation.
• Aluminum contacts are considered to be one of the most unreliable. Firstly, the material is very difficult to solder, and secondly - it is harmful.

Something else

As for the electricity supply scheme, the TN-C used in Soviet times is not ideal. Moreover, even in the old days it was used not because it was good, but because it could electrify the population massively without the use of long lines and expensive metals. It can be said that currently in the Russian Federation there is a large number of multi-storey houses with a TN-C connection scheme, more simply, ungrounded ones. Using the TN-CS protection scheme, you can achieve user safety regardless of the status of the wiring. Often, this moment is omitted by local authorities, so the wiring is set up by one's own hands.

As for the branching scheme, it is also a compulsory measure. The essence of the whole system was that apartment thicker (central) wires were connected. Such branching was located in junction boxes. A large number of twists, terminals and other ways of connecting led to the fact that these places became vulnerable due to the probability of moisture and closure. Therefore today the wiring is made by the own hand a little differently. From each input to the group is a single cable, without insulation and terminals.

Wiring in the apartment by yourself: working stages

The cost of time for installation work, as well as financial costs can be significantly reduced. But for this you need to follow the technology and follow the instructions. All works can be divided into five stages:

• Development of the scheme;
• Drawing up a plan and its approval, and the wiring diagram is also approved;
• The device of repair time;
• Installation work;
• Installation of mechanisms: switches, sockets, etc.

Before starting the installation work, it is recommended to ground and neutralize. The wiring of the electrical wiring in the apartment is carried out at the last stage and does not present any special complexity. But in any case, we can talk about significant savings. If the electrical wiring in the apartment with your own hands is fully implemented, then you only need to purchase material, and this is already 65% savings. If any part of the work is entrusted to specialists, then you can expect 20-50% savings.

Power supply scheme

This figure in the section is purely informative. Nevertheless, such a scheme is mandatory, and it is difficult to do without it. As for the terms, the first step is to understand exactly with them: kWA is a meter, and the RCD is a protective shutdown device. Also in the figure you can see that a single-line connection scheme is used. A pair of oblique dashes on the wire indicates that instead of one cable there are two: phase and zero. They are paved together. If a three-phase wire is used, the dash will be three.

Any similar wiring diagram can be tailored to your needs. For example, you decide how you distribute the wires to the points. In any case, it makes sense to draw your own scheme, even if it's based on the finished one. If nothing happens, then the work can be entrusted to a specialist. He will need the initial data, so the amount for the work will be quite large. Nevertheless, wiring by one's own hands is not carried out without a pre-compiled scheme.

How to think about electricity?

The correct wiring is always based on the selected power. For example, a cottage settlement is given a limit of 10-20 kW, but in apartments such a miracle can not be seen. If the house is old, and the wiring is still Soviet, the maximum power that the wires will withstand is 1.3-2.5 kW. If there is no power cut-off, too much equipment will cause the wiring to burn out. If there is an automatic machine installed in the entrance, then it will be constantly knocked out. But it is possible to say with confidence that 2 kW for a modern consumer is very little, therefore the basis for calculation is to lay a limit of at least 4.3 kW of power. In this case, the wiring should still hold. In addition, the random factor works here. It consists in the fact that all household equipment at the same time does not include, that is, if you started washing, this does not mean that you will have a vacuum cleaner, a kettle, an air conditioner, etc.

Technical data for an apartment of 40-100 square meters are as follows:

• The main machine is 25-32 A (depending on the area). At the same time, the safety factor of the current must be at least 1.3 A and not more than 1.5 A.
• Devices of protective shutdown (RCD) - 50A.
• The kitchen should go two branches section 4 mm ² with a machine at 25 A and a RCD at 50 A per branch.
• Air conditioning (if any) - wire cross-section 2.5 mm ² , automatic - 16A, RCD at 20A.
• Outlet branches and lighting circuits require the use of 2.5 mm ² wires. In this case, you can do without the machine. In principle, with the knowledge of all these data, the wiring connection can be made.

Preparation of the plan

Wiring in the house with their own hands begins with the preparation of the plan. It all begins with the fact that two branches are coming from the counter to one room. One of them is the wiring of the sockets, the second one of the lighting. Supplying power to the bathroom is a difficult case, requiring special attention. But first of all it is necessary to designate the lamp in a safe version (waterproof).

In your plan, designate only those branches that go to fixed installations, such as sockets, switches, fixed-type electrical installations, etc. By the way, stationary structures should include those that are rigidly fixed or fed from an all-in-one connection. Particular attention should be paid to additional elements that are now very much liked to contribute to the plan. Here we are talking about LED ceiling lighting, various carry and extensions to the balcony. All this essentially clutters up and complicates the scheme, and the inspection does not welcome such introductions. Remember the basic rule - electrical wiring in the house does not involve carrying branches on a balcony, loggia, etc. This is a gross violation of the PUE.

Wiring for rooms

So, and now it's time to plug in the food in each room. The most difficult is the bathroom. It is not difficult to guess that this is a premise with high humidity, hence the measures to safety here must be strictly observed. In addition, if the floor is splashed with water, and a person is steamed, then his resistance becomes less. An electric shock in this case can lead to death, and even the RCD does not help here.

As noted above, there will be a lot of work. It starts with the fact that we completely change the wires from the boiler and the washing machine, the shower cabin, etc. On longer ones. Further, these wires through the baseboard and the holes in the wall are held in the kitchen. There must be an extension cord, in which a washing machine and a boiler are connected in a "permanent" mode. In the remaining nests, you can insert anything. These simple measures reduce the risk of electric shock to zero, since bare wires and connections will be located in another room. Before conducting the wiring, check the proposed wires. The priority uses a protected three-wire cable.

As for the toilet, then everything is simple. There one light branch is brought. In addition, a bathroom and toilet lamp can be connected in series, there is nothing wrong with that.

Kitchen and other rooms

In the kitchen you will need to select two branches. One will be used by the bathroom. It is advisable to choose a wire with a cross section of 4 mm ² . Protective automation is used the same as in the bathroom. Some differences are in the connection points. For the kitchen it is necessary to use two triple sockets. All electrical equipment will work from them: a dishwasher, an electric oven, an electric kettle, a microwave oven, etc. In addition, one socket connects the extension cable to the bathroom. As for the location of the outlets, then you are free to choose yourself. It is advisable to keep them away from the sink and places where there may be a leakage of water.

In the hallway and corridor there are two branches: one - to the sockets, the second - to the lighting. If the lighting points are several (spotlights), then each of them must go its own wire. In the children's room everything is the same, but with only one significant change - the sockets must have a protective disk, preferably locked with a key. Wiring to other rooms (living room, bedroom, etc.) is carried out in a similar way. In general, for 2, 3-room apartments need to use about 15 branches.

How to determine the brand of the cable?

Of course, you need to correctly choose the wires for electrical wiring. Many professionals recommend to give preference to NYM. This is an expensive European cable, which, in fact, is not so good. The fact is that its technical conditions for installation do not allow the laying of wires in wet concrete. Agree, there is no guarantee that the concrete structure will be dry all the time. That is why it is better to give preference to the domestic cable. The most common options are VVG and PNPP. The first has reliable insulation and a high price. The second is a more budgetary option, which, if properly installed, will not have any complaints. All proposed options are single-core. Electricians can immediately say that, they say, this is unreliable. However, the point here is that the multicore cable in the wall does not give any guarantee either, but its price is several times higher. If you use a cable, you may encounter difficulties. This is due to the rigidity of the wire. But with some diligence, you will succeed. If the wiring is done by yourself, then, in any case, it is worth to prepare for the difficulties, and then to enjoy the result.

Conclusion

Do not forget that before starting work it is necessary to completely de-energize the apartment. To do this, the edges are turned out or the machine is switched off. But even in this case it is necessary to understand that a de-energized wire can be energized at any time. For this simple reason, it is necessary to observe basic safety rules: do not touch the cable with open parts of the body, clothing.

As for the strobing, this is a very laborious, dusty and noisy work. Shtroby, by the way, should be strictly horizontal or vertical. Doing inclined channels is not only unsafe, but also meaningless. In addition, coordinate work with neighbors in order not to interfere with any of them.

Laying wires is one of the simplest activities of the final stage of work. There is nothing complicated here. Measure pieces of cable and corrugation, then it is pulled over the floor. The ends of the wires in the places of the outlets are put into the holes. All work should be accompanied by periodic putty alabaster strobes (every 50 cm). Do not forget that open wiring in the bathroom is unacceptable. Observing all of the above requirements, you will be able to complete the installation work with the wiring yourself or partially. So you will not only save, but also get a precious experience.