National costume of Bashkir: description, features and history of origin

The national costume of the Bashkirs was usually multi-layered: the lower garment was covered with several layers: two, three or more thick coats and, finally, an embroidered fir-tree - a kind of long-coat made of cloth, leather, felt, fur, sheepskin. The more clothes - the richer the man looked in the eyes of his neighbors. And it did not depend on the weather, dressed for the season. To sew the underside of clothes used a homemade canvas of hemp or nettle, usually richly embroidered. Shoes were most often leather.

Elyan

They sewed this coat on the lining, men - with a straight back, and women - pritalenny and pretty much flared. Male firs for the summer were cut from dark cotton fabrics, festive - from velvet, white satin, silk. But even everyday clothes were capriciously trimmed even for men: they made stripes with a piping of red cloth along the sleeves, hem, floors, decorated with a dowel, embroidery, and applique. The national costume of the Bashkirs is exceptionally well-dressed, even everyday.

Women sewed themselves firs from silk, satin, colored velvet; Stripes on the sleeves, floors and hem were not only red, but blue, and green, and alternated with the elements. They were decorated not only with embroideries and appliqués, but also with coins and corals. And triangles, sewn on the shoulders (yaurins), were obligatory. The women's national costume of the Bashkirs required a seamstress of great skill, patience and perseverance.

Kazakin

A very common type of Bashkir outerwear is the Cossack. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, this male and female outerwear for the cut differed little from each other: an equally fitted national costume of Bashkirs with sleeves, a dead buckle and buttons. On each side pockets were necessarily cut.

But the finish of the Cossack man can be easily distinguished from the female. The man in the decoration is almost simple, for good reason he was always uniform for military regiments. The woman also expanded as richly as the fir-trees: with embroideries and appliqués, with pendants and shiny jewelry.

Features of women's clothing

Women dressed in Cossacks dresses, wide pants, short sleeveless camisoles, and for the holiday - always velvet or silk dressing gowns. In winter, they could put on a sheepskin coat or a fur coat. Winter sashes were also sewn from cloth. However, dressing gowns and coats were an obligatory attribute of the holiday, and this also did not depend on the weather and season.

The dressing gowns were extremely elegant: they were embroidered with carnelian, coral, mother of pearl, coins, jewelery plaques. Homemade festive clothes were cut from homemade cloth embroidered with patterns. Female national costume Bashkir shows how close to one or another woman needlework.

Women's shoes

The shoes of the Bashkir dandies were varied: shoes, shoes, homemade leather jackets. Leather boots were worn by all - men, women, and children. Women's shoes also had a rich finish, not just a line, but also with multi-colored brushes. There were also everyday light bast shoes, which every woman tried to decorate better than anyone.

The hardworking people are Bashkirs, the national costume is not just individual, but often it's just a work of art. Even their stockings were not just felt, felt or canvas, they were covered with an appliqué pattern. Knitted stockings made of wool were also covered with colored cloth. If we consider the national costumes of the peoples of Russia, the Bashkirs will not be lost in this line, because they attach great importance to the beauty of their clothes.

Hats

Headgear Bashkirs - a kind of passport. Looking at these and bureks, it was possible to determine reliably and without any questioning what kind of person they are: how old is he, is this woman married, what kind of people these people belong to. Everything will tell the cut and especially the patterns. Headgear was usually even brighter than the rest of clothes decorated with stones, corals, coins. Thus decorate the headgear of many nationalities of the Urals and Siberia, for example Buryats. And the Bashkir national costumes are prepared carefully, respecting all traditions.

Also used fur martens, otters, beavers and other animals. Women put on a burek for a tastar or a scarf, which was also a wondrous pattern. Married women wore kashmau - a cap with a hole on the crown, from which a long, elegant ribbon came down. Tastar is a pure white cotton or linen handkerchief, which was worn by elderly women under another cap. Also, they often wore large shawls and kerchiefs from goat's down. The peculiarities of the national costume of the Bashkirs are in the extremely developed needlework among the female half of this people.

Men's Clothing

Men in Bashkiria dressed not only elegantly. But also convenient. Short pants, a camisole that does not constrain movements, or a caftan. Shirts without collars, with a colored cord on the neck. In winter, the sheepskin - fur coats, sheepskin coats - was indispensable. The festive shirts are embroidered with traditional patterns, in which a deep meaning has always been invested - memory, amulet, which very often carry national costumes of peoples. Bashkirs are no exception.

An exceptionally masculine detail is the Kemer, a traditional wide and very long belt for the manufacture of which were cloth, silk, velvet. The belt was decorated with a dash, embroidery, gold and silver jewelry with inserts of pearls, carnelian, agate, turquoise. The belt was worn on firs or camisole. Long edges descended to the sides, demonstrating the richness of the finish.

Men's hats

Tubatei - in Russian it sounds and means "skullcap" - everyday headdress of Buryat men. The elderly preferred dark color, and the young ones preferred bright blue, green, red. And again, embroidery ... What does the national costume look like? Bashkirs will answer that he is with embroidery. This is the main distinguishing feature. In addition to embroidery, for the skullcaps were used beads, corals, and chrysome. In the summer, however, Bashkirs very often wear fur hats - this depends entirely on the solemnity of the moment.

Men preferred more "severe" fur: wolf, lynx, fox, bearish. But the edges of the ceremonial fur hat were still edged out of the expensive fur - both sable and marten. Stepants used to wear Malachai - kalapere. These caps have a high crown and there is a cavity covering the shoulders and back. Probably this Bashkir hat is borrowed from the Mongols. Malachi were lined with fur, and the top is made of cloth or felt. The more prosperous Bashkirs liked to wear fezes (fes), decorated with a tassel. Like all Muslims, clergymen wore and wear a turban.

Men's footwear

On their feet Bashkirs usually had light shoes: small leather galoshes and boots (Ichigi). In ceremonial cases, they wore both: on a visit or in a mosque, the galoshes were taken off the threshold, and the elegant ichigi remained on their feet. Also, men under ichigami had either stockings or footcloths.

A lot of work was invested in their national costume by the Bashkirs. The surrounding world in the primary school classes offers the theme of a national costume. Bashkir can not describe in a nutshell. After all, what is the national costume of the Bashkirs? The description can take as much time and effort as it takes to write a scientific thesis. However, looking at these magnificent embroideries and ornaments, you can see the deep harmony with the world, the understanding of the beauty of folk traditions that came from antiquity. Both men's and women's national costume of Bashkir is colorful and - most importantly - unique.

Linen

Bashkirs have long owned the whole complex of skills and abilities in flax cultivation. Linen cloth is much more perfect, thin, when compared with hemp, from which good ropes and ropes are obtained due to the length of the fiber. Linen fabrics Bashkir women knew how to make several varieties.

The coarser went to the outer clothing and men's pants, and the thinner ones went to towels and festive shirts. The canvas of the Bashkir craftsmen could be obtained not only smooth and white, but also checkered, and striped, so-called pestryad. Such fabrics Bashkirs used for clothes and traditional home curtains.

Staining

When the painting of white flax with natural dyes (bark of alder, herbs) was used, the color scale turned out to be warm, non-intensive - from light yellow to dark brown. But when the dyes were factory, the national costume of the Bashkir shone bright, saturated, even refined colors. But even in the twentieth century the ancient ways of coloring are not forgotten.

In the fifties, we managed to capture how the Bashkir girls, going to traditional festivities, painted their kerchiefs with plantain leaves. First, a bright green strip was made around the perimeter of the square, then the leaves were wrapped in a handkerchief layer by layer and bite their teeth in different directions, forming a pattern.

Obtained divergent arc-shaped lines of bright green color, forming a rim. This technique was masterfully mastered by the girl, the patterns turned out to be whimsical and inimitable. And on the spring and summer festivals, every girl flaunted in a scarf, which she did on her own.

Weaving

Domesticated clothing is almost entirely national costume of the Bashkirs. This is absolutely a woman's occupation, to which the girls were accustomed before the age of ten, because to a marriage, that is, to fifteen years, each had to prepare a dowry. And this is a very, very much work. Completely female national costume Bashkir for themselves, clothes for the future husband, as well as for mother-in-law and father-in-law, all woven interior items.

The home loom of the Bashkirs was a traditional frame construction and very similar to the machines used by the Russians. Bashkirka knew how to perform a variety of weaving techniques: mortgage, elective, brane and multi-arm. Folding weaving - when the ducks are not one, but several, and all with multi-colored threads.

Bashkirs national costume is usually decorated with the main motif of the ornament - it is a stepped color transition. Weave weaving gives a vertical pattern, elongated in length, without prosv. This technique decorated towels for rituals and curtains (charshau). All the people living near the Bashkirs preferred red and white patterns, the Bashkirs significantly expanded the color and ornamental borders in the patterned patterns, the ornament is more similar to the Turkic, and the color pattern was performed on a red, yellow or brown field.

Aprons for the bride and groom

A traditional and very significant part of clothing is an apron. He went into the dowry and another, as a gift to the groom. This is a casual dress overall, aprons were worn always and everything - both women and men, but since this attribute in the number of wedding gifts, both were ornamented most intricately. It's like a visiting card of all the skills of the bride. Male apron was variegated, selective weaving, with a narrow chest, with a rectangular cloth, crocheted black ornamental border in the technique of the stitch seam.

The female apron was also an elective weaving, tunic-shaped, with well-embroidered cloths, and a wide ruffle was on the bottom. Very elegant element. When many factory fabrics appeared, they began to cut before the steel with a cut-off belt and folds. There are flounces and extra frills. Sometimes two cloth straps with wide flounces, richly decorated and assembled, were sewn to the cloth of the apron. The vegetable ornament of the embroidery was very tight, sometimes the fabric was not visible.

Principles of composition

The main principle of the Bashkir garment composition is threading, multilayered decorative details and elements, which is especially evident in the case of a female costume. He usually consisted of a long-polished shirt with a few frills on the hem, broad pants, a chest bandage, trousers tucked into stockings. Next came an apron, a short sleeveless jacket or a fitted caftan and shoes. And at last - depending on age and marital status - a headdress.

The basis of the women's attire is a shirt: a closed form, with long sleeves, a blind collar, a wide and long - to the ankles - hem. Six and even eight meters of fabric went to every such shirt. Above the waist was usually sewn a frill closing the joint of the linen cloth. In addition to the shirt, it was also important in a women's suit and a skirt - wide and long.